For political, ideological and demographic reasons, the period of the Khrushchev “thaw” was the first in the history of the Soviet planned economy, when along with the development of heavy industry, a significant increase in the production of consumer goods and everything related in one way or another to the needs of people, and the non-military industrial complex and resource-consuming raw materials, was supposed industries.

The first in the USSR four-story frame-panel house was built in 1948 in Moscow on 5th St. Falcon mountains (G. Kuznetsov, B. Smirnov). Currently, his address is Prospect Budenny, 43. At this time, the country's leadership set the task for the builders to create the cheapest housing project with the possibility of family-based settlement (that is, with separate rather than communal apartments). The first step in the implementation of this task was the introduction of the idea of \u200b\u200bindustrial panel housing construction with a supporting frame. In the years 1948-1951. V. Posokhin, A. A. Mndoyants iv. P. Lagutenko was built up with a 10-story frame-panel houses quarter in Moscow (Kuusinen, Sorge streets). In the same year, a project was developed for a frameless panel house (built since 1950 in Magnitogorsk). In 1954 in Moscow on the 6th st. The October field was built 7-storey frameless panel house (G. Kuznetsov, B. Smirnov, L. Wrangel, Z. Nesterova, N. A. Osterman). Khrushchev, the design of which was carried out since the late 1940s, went into series after a historical decree 1955 "On eliminating excesses in design and construction" ("the ostentatious side of architecture, replete with large excesses", characteristic of the Stalin era, now "does not correspond to the line of the Party and the Government in the architectural and construction business. ... Soviet architecture should be peculiar and simplicity, austerity and cost-effective forms of Solutions ").

The ideological and scientific justification of the new course came down to the following points:

• the communal apartment was not a project of the Soviet government, but was the result of cost savings during industrialization;
• living of several families in one apartment is abnormal and is a social problem;
• communal apartments - an economically disadvantageous type of housing that does not meet modern requirements;
• the problem of communal apartments can be solved through mass construction using new technologies.

The turning point was the 1956 “On Measures for Further Industrialization, Improving Quality and Reducing the Cost of Construction” and “On the Development of Housing Construction in the USSR” of 1957. The party’s task to the builders was to develop projects by the fall of 1956 that would make housing construction cheaper and affordable for workers. So the famous "Khrushchev" appeared. The aim of the project was that in 1980, every Soviet family met communism in a separate apartment.

However, by the mid-1980s, only 85% of families had separate apartments: in1986 Mikhail Gorbachev pushed the deadline by 15 years, putting forward the slogan “Each Soviet family has a separate apartment by the year 2000”.

The prototype for the first "Khrushchev" steel block buildings (German Plattenbau ), built in Berlin and Dresden since the 1920s. The construction of residential houses "Khrushchev" lasted from 1959 to 1985. In the years 1956-1965, more than 13 thousand houses were built in the USSR, and almost all were five-story buildings. This allowed the introduction of 110 million square meters of housing annually. An appropriate production base and infrastructure was created: house-building plants, concrete goods factories, etc. The first house-building plants were created in 1959 in the Glavleningradstroy system, in 1962 they were organized in Moscow and other cities. In particular, during the period 1966-1970, in Leningrad, 942 thousand people received living space, with 809 thousand moving into new homes and 133 thousand gaining space in old houses. Since 1960, construction of 9-storey panel houses has been underway, since 1963 - 12-storey houses.

Technology

Among the typical, large-panel residential buildings are most common.

Prefabricated prefabricated house components

Components of a prefabricated house, which are large reinforced concrete slabs that are made in factories. In the factory, precast concrete products are manufactured according to the existing GOSTs; therefore, it is assumed that their quality should differ in a positive direction from products manufactured directly at the construction site. Ready-made construction parts are delivered to the construction site, which builders can only install. As a result, labor productivity on such a building is very high. The area of \u200b\u200bthe construction site is much smaller than that required for the construction of a brick house. Such lengthy and time-consuming processes, such as installation of reinforcement or concrete, which are characteristic of monolithic housing construction, are completely excluded. This is precisely what experts see as the main advantage of panel housing construction over other types of construction.

List of residential building series

1940s

Since 1947, the Academy of Architecture of the USSR has been developing a fully assembled large-panel dwelling. Frame-panel and frameless houses are being built:

• 4-5-storey (Moscow, Leningrad, Magnitogorsk)
• 8-storey with panels on two floors (Moscow)

1950s

The height of 5 floors was chosen because, according to the norms of that time, it was the highest number of floors at which it was allowed to build lift-free houses (however, sometimes houses were also built in 6 floors with a store on the ground floor).

Stalinki:

• II-01
• II-02
• II-03
• II-04
• II-05
• II-08
• Mm 1-3. One of the not very famous series of five-story residential buildings, was built in 1956-1959. Distribution cities - Moscow (north of the city), pos. Rublevo.
• 1-440. Developer: Workshop. Vesnina, 1958. Cities of distribution - USSR (all-Union series).
• 1-149. Developers: Gorstroyproekt (Moscow) and PO Box 53 (construction company serving nuclear facilities). It is found in the centers of the nuclear industry (Sarov, Zheleznogorsk, Pervouralsky, etc.), as well as in the Novosibirsk Academgorodok (a quarter of the historical housing stock of the Upper Zone).

Since 1957, the construction of panel houses began - the so-called "Khrushchev". People began to call them "Khrushchov" for a number of certain inconveniences:

• small and often irrational sizes of kitchens and living rooms,
• narrow corridors and stairwells,
• low ceilings
• passage rooms
• combined bathrooms
• poor noise isolation
• insufficient heat insulation - cool in winter and, conversely, heat in summer (especially on the upper floors),
• a number of construction deficiencies that tenants often had to fix on their own.

1960s

• 1-510 Block five-story house.
• 1-511 Brick five-story house.
• 1-447 Brick five-story house.
• K-6Panel five-story house.

• K-7Panel five-story house. They have been demolished in Moscow since the late 1990s. The panels from which these houses were built are, in most cases, lined with a white square tile with a side of about 5 cm. Houses of a similar and similar type are popularly called: "Khrushchob". Another feature is the protruding frame elements in the corners of the rooms. Basically, the houses of this series were built with 1-, 2- and 3-room apartments, three apartments per floor. In the 1st and 2nd microdistricts of Zelenograd there were also houses of this series with 4-room apartments (for example, building 101-103, but now they are all demolished). Ceiling height - 2.48 m (according to other sources 2.59 m). The vertical pitch is approximately 2.85 m. The horizontal pitch is 3.20 m. The outer walls are made of 400 mm thick slag ceramsite concrete blocks. Internal concrete panels 270 mm thick. Partitions - gypsum concrete panels 80 mm thick. Ceilings - reinforced concrete panels with a thickness of 220 mm. In St. Petersburg, the series was called "OD".
• II-32 - a series of panel five-story multi-sectional residential buildings, one of the first series of industrial housing construction, the basis of some areas of mass residential development of the 60s. They have been demolished in Moscow since the late 1990s.
• II-29Brick 9-storey house. In Moscow, one house of this series stands inside the Boulevard Ring (Khokhlovsky Lane, Building 10, p. 7)
• 1-318 Brick 5-storey residential building. The houses of this series were built since 1958 (Ukraine, Lithuania, Estonia)
• 1-335 Panel 5-storey residential building. The most common series of panel 5-storey residential buildings throughout the former USSR. The houses of this series were built from 1958 to 1966, after which they switched to the construction of the modernized series 1-335a and 1-335d, which were produced until 1976 inclusive.
• 1-464 Panel 5-storey residential building (Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia).
• BM-4A series of residential buildings for district centers and small towns (Belarus).
• Щ-5416Brick 12-story 84-apartment house in gray. A series of houses was built at the expense of housing construction cooperatives in different areas of St. Petersburg.

1970s

In 1970 was adopted Unified catalog of building partson the basis of which standard designs were further developed.

• 1-515 / 9ш Multi-section panel house with ordinary sections. The house has 1-, 2-, 3-room apartments. The project provides balconies. Floors: 9 floors. The height of the premises: 2.64 m.
• 1605/9 A multi-section panel house with ordinary and end sections, 1-, 2-, 3-room apartments. Floors: 9 floors. The height of the premises: 2.64 m.
• 1605/12 analog 1605/9 with increased to 12 number of floors
• II-18/9 - a series of block 9- and, initially, 8-story single-section (single-access) residential buildings, one of the first series of houses of high-rise industrial housing construction.
• II-29 - Brick multi-sectional residential building with ordinary and end sections. The house has 1-, 2-, 3-room apartments. Number of storeys: 9. Height of residential premises: 2.64 m.
• II-32
• P-46
• II-49 - Multi-sectional panel house with ordinary and end sections. With 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-room apartments. Various layout options for apartments in the section are possible. Number of storeys - 9. Height of residential premises: 2.64 m.
• II-57 - Multi-section panel house. Number of storeys: 9 (early representatives of the series), 12 and 17 floors (experimental, 2 such houses were built, the so-called “houses on legs”). The height of the premises is 2.64 m. Ceramsite concrete ceilings - 140 mm (“per room” plate), transverse bearing walls, longitudinal ceramsite concrete diaphragms - 120 (9-, 12-story), 160 (12-, 17-story) Exterior claydite-concrete panels - 350 mm, 320 mm (17-story).
• II-66 - a series of residential 9-story brick houses.
• II-68 - a series of single-entry 16-story houses. A feature of this series are thickened walls, consisting of two panels, as well as improved noise and heat insulation due to expanded clay flooring. Buildings of this series with a height of 14 floors are less common. Houses of this series were built almost unchanged for 30 years. Floors: 16 floors. Ceiling Height: 2.48 m.
• II-68-03 Multisectional block residential building with ordinary and end sections. In the house - 1 (only on the ground floor), 2-, 3-room apartments. Number of storeys: 12. Height of residential premises: 2.50 m. Technical premises: Technical underground for engineering communications. Elevators: Passenger with a loading capacity of 400 kg, cargo and passenger.
• 1LG-600 (Avtovsk DSK) - the so-called "house-ships".
• 111-90 - a series of large-panel multi-sectional residential buildings of industrial housing construction. The series was developed by TsNIIEP Housing in the late 1960s. The series was launched into industrial production in 1971.
• III-96 - a series of large-panel 9-storey houses for Ukraine.
• M111-90 - a series of large-panel 9-, 12-, 16-story houses for Belarus.
• 111-108 - a series of large-panel 5-, 9- and 10-story houses (Vitebsk, Veliky Novgorod, Luga, Tosno, Cherepovets, Smolensk, Vologda and the cities of Bashkiria-Ufa, Salavat, Ishimbay and Beloretsk).
• 111-120V - a series of large-panel 5-storey houses (Vilnius city).
• 111-121 - (series 121) apartments stand out with relatively good layouts.
• M-464 - a series of large-panel 9-storey houses (Minsk, Minsk region).
• 1-LG-606
• Integrated Series 135 - Integrated Series 135 includes projects for large-panel buildings for various purposes for construction in the city, as well as in the countryside. Projects have been developed for one-, two-, three-, four-, five-, nine-, twelve-story houses and a different set of block sections for them, allowing to build houses of various configurations and lengths, dormitories of various capacities, bedroom buildings of sanatoriums, rest houses, schools, kindergartens, nurseries, houses with built-in attached stores and other public facilities.
• 4570-73 / 75 Developed by the 1st Central Military Project of the Moscow Region. Typical 5-story houses for building military garrisons.

1980s

• P-44
• P-43
• P-4

At the beginning of the 1980s, in Moscow, it was developed under the guidance of architect A. G. Rochegova series of KOPE (compositional space-planning elements), designed for the construction of "buffer zones" between new buildings and protected areas of architectural monuments and areas of mass development, as well as for the "revitalization" of the existing areas. The first houses of this series were erected in 1982 near the Vorontsov park. The project provided for the possibility of building houses up to 22 floors. At the same time, standard panel houses continued to be erected in many areas of Moscow and other cities of the USSR.

1990s

The ruins of the demolished Khrushchev in Moscow

The territories of demolished 5-storey panel houses are built up with 17-25-storey residential buildings, mainly with new series of panel houses. Also continuing to build panel houses of the 1988-1991 series, from 1995 they began to build brick panel houses with beige polygonal carriage triangles.

2000s

• HMS-1
• IP-46S
• I-155
• I-1723 - External walls - of bricks, internal structure - of panels
• I-1724
• KOPE - Height of residential premises - 2.64 m. The series consists of houses from layout (catalog) space-planning elements (abbreviated as “KOPE”), representing a vertical block in the height of the house and part of the section in the plan. The combined "KOPE" form a variety of architecture residential buildings.
• Kopé-m-sail - Over 60% of the facade area - glass
• MES-84
• IPSM
• P-3M - Height of residential premises - 2.64 m. Type - panel houses. Storeys from 8 to 17.
• P-44T - modification of the P-44 series, the main project DSK-1
• P-44TM - the area of \u200b\u200bapartments is increased in comparison with P-44T
• P-44K
• P-55M
• P46M
• P111M
• PD-4
• PB-02 - during construction, both panels and blocks are used
• 75 series
• Series 87 (Ukraine)
• Series 83 (111-83) Series 83 houses were designed to replace Series 1-468.
• Series 93m (111-93m) 1985. Developer: Murmanskgrazhdanproekt, 9-10 floors.
• Series 97 (111-97)
• Series 135 modified in 2012. Type - panel houses. Number of storeys - from 3 to 9. Cross-wall structural system with supporting transverse walls, with two internal and two external longitudinal bearing walls (maximum pitch of bearing walls - 6.3 m), internal longitudinal walls are located continuously along the entire length of the building. Working drawings of typical modified projects are developed according to the block-element method. For areas with a seismicity of 8 points, standard designs of 135-014s-9 m, 135-015s-9 m, 135-014s-9 m, etc. are used.
• Series 141 (121-141)
• Series 182 "Mobile"
• 600.11 series
• Series 90LO and 90LO-m
• Contact-SP
• Series "Makarov" or "Optima"

Series of monolithic houses

Most monolithic buildings are built according to individual projects, however, there are several series of monolithic houses:

• Ear
• Unicon
• Series: III / 17

technical characteristics, quadrature scheme of a 2-room apartment series 111-121

There are several classifications of apartments. Common abbreviations and their interpretation:

• Pgor Stalinka- Full-size apartments are houses built by pre-Khrushchev housing experiments (Stalin). They have high ceilings up to 3.5 m, large comfortable kitchens up to 15 m², the total area of \u200b\u200bapartments: up to 110 m² three-room and up to 40 m² one-room. The rooms in these apartments are isolated, bathrooms are separate, large stairwells. Houses 3-, 5-storey, usually brick.
• Hr   -Khrushchevki is a 4- or 5-storey residential building built during the Khrushchev housing program, when in the post-war period the country needed massive and inexpensive housing construction. Therefore, apartments of a small area were built, compact enough, as a rule, with adjacent rooms, with low ceilings, with a total area of \u200b\u200b60 m². three-room, 43 m² two-room and 30 m² one-room apartments, with small kitchens (5-6 m²), combined bathrooms and balconies in some apartments.

Demolition of a prefabricated house

• A type.or Art.   - Typical or Standard layout of the apartments is the apartments of the next (after Khrushchev time) generation: ceiling height from 2.6 m to 2.75 m, the total area of \u200b\u200bthe apartments is from 63 m² of three-room to 33 m² of one-room apartments, kitchens of 6-7 m², rooms in two-room isolated, three-room - adjacent-isolated, bathrooms are usually isolated, there are balconies and loggias. These are 5-, 9-storey houses with a garbage chute and elevators. The bulk of these houses are constructed of reinforced concrete panels.
• U / P - Apartments with improved layout. As a rule, these are panel and brick 9-story houses with an increased area of \u200b\u200bapartments: 69 m² three-room, 53 m² two-room and 39 m² one-room apartments, the kitchen area is also increased to 9 m², all rooms are isolated, separate bathrooms, a pantry is possible, there are balconies ilodzhii from 1 to 2. The houses are equipped with elevators and garbage chutes. The house territory is also equipped with a playground and major ground or underground garages.
• Email   - “Elite” apartments, or apartments of a new generation. They have no area restrictions, they are diverse in their layout. Most often, the future owner plans his own home. They are equipped with a large number of services - underground garages, a garbage chute, elevators, both passenger and freight, storage rooms and a storehouse, large stairwells, convenient access roads, gyms, saunas, etc. are possible.

• 103 series   - One of the very first, built in all republics of the USSR. The houses of this series are built of red brick and white concrete, the house is 5-storey, it usually does not have an elevator, but some houses have a garbage chute and 2 entrances, 3 apartments on each floor (2 apartments on the ground floor), on each side 2-3 rooms, and in the middle 1-room, only 14 apartments for each entrance. There is a loggia (except for those who have a 1-bedroom apartment).

• 104 series   - A high-rise building, distributed throughout the USSR, but there are not many of them. The house is 16-story, there is a passenger and freight elevator, a garbage chute. This series is distinguished by the fact that in each apartment there is a large loggia along the room and the kitchen (like the "Little Family"), and an ordinary window.

• 108 episode   - 5- and 9-storey multisection panel panel houses. The series was developed by LenZNIIEP in the 1970s. The main advantage is the longitudinal bearing walls, which are overlapped by prestressed continuous reinforced concrete slabs with a thickness of 160 mm, which allows for free planning of apartments of any size on the floor section. The series is also distinguished by a high coefficient of thermal resistance of external wall panels (3.25), which is achieved by a three-layer (concrete-expanded polystyrene-concrete) wall material.

• 119 series   - One of the first 9-story houses. One of the later projects, along with the 602 series, has an elevator and a chute. In the apartment, where 2 rooms and more, there are 2 loggias - one larger, the other smaller.

• 467 series - 9-storey building, there is an elevator and a garbage chute. The entrance project is interesting: there are 4 apartments on each floor, there is a small room separated from the staircase by the wall, the entrance to the floor is through the door (probably to move the apartment doors away from the smell of the garbage chute), an elevator is installed in the room itself. There are 36 apartments in each entrance. There is a loggia.

• 602 series   - One of the most recent series of projects of residential buildings with a small number of floors (standard - 9 floors). There are 4 apartments on the floor. The project is interesting in that the elevator and the garbage chute are located between the floors of the staircase. All the doors of the apartments are nearby, which in some cases creates problems for neighbors who want to enter / exit at the same time. In some older houses, the elevator is located on the very ground floor, at the entrance level to the entrance, in newer elevators it is located half a floor higher. There is a loggia.

• Small family   - houses are built as dormitories. There are 5-, 9-, 12-storey houses. These apartments have a very long loggia, stretching to the kitchen and the room, most of the apartments on the floor are 1-bedroom, 2-bedroom apartments on the floor are only two. The entrance to the house is only one. There are a lot of apartments on the floor and they are located as a hostel. 9-and 12-storey houses are equipped with an elevator and a garbage chute, a 5-storey house has only a chute.

• Lithuanian project   - (abbr. Litovka) houses, according to the name, were invented in the Lithuanian SSR, distributed mainly in the Baltic states. There are only 5-, 9-story houses, a garbage chute and an elevator only in high-rise buildings, 3.4 relatively large apartments are located on the floor (at the same time, the kitchen, bathroom and corridor total about 14 m²), there is a loggia, a kitchen in all apartments the same - 6.5 m².

Buying new housing in a multi-storey building, people often wonder what series the building has, whether it is subject to demolition, what features it has. It is unlikely that you can answer such questions yourself, which is why we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the information in our article.

Here you will find answers, facts and many useful sections to present the whole picture.

House emergency and liquidation

First of all, let's start the article with a section on houses that should be demolished in the near future, or on buildings with a minimum life span:

• If you suddenly come across such series as: K-7, P-32 (35), 1-MG-300, I-35 and 1605-AM - be careful, these houses were built a long time ago. Even the repair of such buildings does not guarantee that the buildings will last a long time.

Note!
  The most “dangerous” can be called the K-7 and P-32 series, in which the typical layout of apartments.

• It is worth paying attention to the year of construction, for example, houses erected in 59-62 are designed for a short service life. In a good way, they should have been demolished (if you suddenly come across such a thing) back in the 90s. They have thin facade walls, which increase the heat loss from the room, also a feature of these houses is a combined bathroom and semi-aisle rooms.

They are not subject to reconstruction, although many service companies “warm” good money on them, closing cracks on the walls every year.

At the same time, there are a series of brick houses that can be called "unbearable", 1-511 and 1-447 belong to them. In these houses, stronger and thicker walls, increasing the thermal insulation properties of the building, the layout of apartments is also considered the most acceptable.

On the other hand, no one has canceled the repair for house communications. And if in your house the owners of apartments do it yourself, this can significantly reduce the service life of building materials.

Series of 5-9 floor houses

In this section, we will consider a series of brick houses that have been registered, operated and continue to be built:

• Brick 86 series residential buildings include not only a 9-storey structure, but can also be a 5-storey building. More detailed specifications, the height of the living quarters is 250 cm, the apartments are 1,2,3 and 4-room (depending on the number of floors).
    They began to build this series in 1980, they use it to the present. You can meet more often on the outskirts of large cities, or in the central part of sparsely populated areas.

• Series II-01   (5-storey houses) refers to the "Stalin" of late development. Such structures were built only of brick, the height of the living quarters is about 300 cm. Most apartments have a balcony. The construction of houses was carried out from 52 to 59, are rare, as they were replaced by the "Khrushchev". (see also with article)
• Built in 52-58, 7 and 8-storey houses made of brick blocks, faced with red tiles, belong to the II-02 series. Such structures are architectural monuments, the price of an apartment in houses of a similar plan is comparable to modern housing in the city center.
• House Series II-08   is the last that was developed according to the "Stalinist" standards. Such brick houses were built from 57 to 62, in the city of Moscow. The apartments are quite spacious, the ceilings are high, many residents of the house also have balconies.

• And here are the 5-story houses of the II-14 seriesvery common in the capital and neighboring cities of the Moscow region. Such structures are called the transitional variant from the “Late Stalin” to the “Khrushchev”.
• Tall (at that time) houses of the SM-3 and SM-6 serieswere also built of bricks. The number of floors floated from 8 to 10, although 9-story buildings are more common. Moscow was massively built up with such houses in the 50s and 60s.

A variation of the 80th series

Separately, we can say about the 80 series, which includes three modifications (all houses are brick):

• Series 164-80-1   It was erected as a 5-story building, the height of residential premises reaches 250 cm. The type of housing is room-by-room resettlement, with a shared bathroom and kitchen. Houses were built in the 70s and 80s. (see also article)
• Similar Plan Series 164-80-3, only floors in the building 9. Most often found as a communal apartment, with room-to-room resettlement, up to 408 places, although in modern times the rooms are connected and sold as combined living space. Year of construction 1970-1980.
• But the series 164-80-4, which was also built as a 9-storey building, is a dormitory with 537 or 1074 beds. But, as in the case of the 3-series, the rooms are combined and sold as 2-room apartments.

More modern series

In this section, we describe several typical houses that began to be built in the last century, but continue to be built to the present (or have recently been "closed"):

• Series 124   It is a brick house, which can be either 9-story, or 12, or even 14-story. The number of rooms in apartments varies depending on the location: 1 and 2-room apartments are more common, but there are also 3-room ones. The most popular such houses have gained in the suburbs.

• There is another series, which is also known in Moscow and Moscow region - 114-85   (most often there are 9 and 12-story houses, but there are also 6 floors). The living quarters are quite cramped, the height of the ceilings is 248 cm. The number of rooms depends on the type of house, 2 and 3-room apartments are often found.

For your information!
  For all the houses built at that time, mainly local building materials were used, manufactured at nearby factories.

• E-93 Series brick houses, invites people to purchase housing in structures built in the interval from 1970 to 2000. There are several modifications: 9, 12 and 14-story buildings, with 1,2,3 and 4-room apartments. The height of residential premises is 260 cm. Most often, such houses can be found in cities near Moscow.
• Series II-66   It is represented by 9-story brick houses that were built in Moscow and nearby cities. Such buildings were erected from 1973 to 1985, only local building materials were used as raw materials. The number of rooms in the apartment depends on its location, there are 1,2,3 and 4-room apartments.
• Another series of the 70s - MK-9   (descended from the MK-5 series - 5-story brick houses). It was popular in Minsk, in the city you can find many similar houses in which there are small but comfortable apartments.

Houses of two capitals

In this section, we describe four series that can be found both in Moscow and in St. Petersburg:

• Series 1-528KP-41 is a brick house, 9 floors high. Residential premises cannot be called spacious, from floor to ceiling only 248 cm. Rooms in apartments are from 1 to 3, 2-room apartments are more common. The disadvantage is the small 6 m2 kitchen, in which it is difficult to place anything.

• But the same series, only more modern (used until 1980) - 1-528KP-40, is a more comfortable place to stay. The ceiling height is about 270 cm, the rooms are spacious, the kitchens are increased to 9 m2.
• A series of brick houses 1-528KP-82 in Moscow is practically not found, except in the Moscow region, but in St. Petersburg and the region is widespread. The houses are no longer 9, but 16-storey, with spacious apartments with a ceiling height of 270 cm. Such houses were built from the beginning of the 70s to the mid-80s.
• More attractive is the 1-528KP-80 series (brick 14-storey building), which was in use until 1985. Such houses are interesting with spacious loggias, which are available in almost every apartment, as well as special rooms for concierges. One of the first video cameras on residential buildings appeared in this series, significantly increasing the cost of the apartment and giving them status.

What to do if the series at home is unknown

It also happens when people don’t know which series their house belongs to, but it can (when selling and buying an apartment) bring unnecessary trouble. The easiest way is to look into the technical passport, it can be taken from the management company, everything is described in detail there.

There is also instruction on when they did the repair, what communications and much more. But you can also “smash your head”, define several parameters and compare them with known data.

To do this, you must:

• Find out the year of construction.
• Clarify the material that was used as the basis.
• The region in which the house is built.
• Storeys of the house.
• The number of rooms in the apartment.

Then look on the Internet, find a special directory in which the received data is entered, and enter your information. After that, you will be given several options with photos in which you can easily find your home.

Another way to find out a series of brick houses is simply to compare the appearance of the proposed options on the Internet. The likelihood of coincidence is small, since many houses look almost identical, but they have different series, so it is better to contact the house management service.

Conclusion

A series of houses is important only in cases where it is necessary to sell or buy an apartment, make repairs and check the building for breakdowns. This is not to say that we have listed all the existing series of brick buildings, but most of the exploited houses of the Soviet era are described.

In the video presented in this article, you will find additional information on this topic.

It is unlikely that we will make a mistake, if we say, that most apartments on the secondary economy class housing market are brezhnevki. They are praised in the film “The Irony of Fate” by Eldar Ryazanov, or With light steam ", at the time of the release of which there was a mass building. All over the Soviet Union, like mushrooms, whole areas of identical gray houses have grown, and in the new quarters one could easily get lost. In the numerous series of these houses, built throughout the long history of "brezhnevok", easy to get lost too. And so we decided to figure out what is "brezhnevka"? What is the peculiarity of such apartments? What a person should know, decided to buy one of them? And what are its pros and cons? Mwe talk about all the series of apartment buildings, referred to as "Brezhnevka" (), and we continue our detailed analysis with a story about panel and panel— frame houses.

Panel houses

Last time, we completed the analysis of block houses with a story about the I-700 series (built in 1977-1994), which belongs to the Late Brezhnev group of multi-family housing, which can be attributed to both yours and ours. The fact is that these houses are already panel, but, nevertheless, are in the same "cage" with the block, having a serial letter "I" in the title with them in common. The series can be recognized by the height of 22 floors and a stepped facade. There are two passenger and two passenger and freight elevators at the entrance, and the layout of the apartments is considered to be successful, unlike the block "predecessors": - there is a large hall and a kitchen of more than 10 sq.m. Houses are quite high on the secondary market of economy class housing in Moscow, but in other regions they simply do not exist.

By the way, how do block houses differ from panel houses? Everything is quite simple. First of all, with the dimensions of the building elements: in a panel house, the height of the floor corresponds to the height of the reinforced concrete panel, and the width determines the width of the rooms. Block houses are assembled from expanded clay and slag concrete blocks. Their size is smaller than the size of the panel, so there are several blocks on one wall of the floor. Overlappings in both the first and second cases are hollow reinforced concrete slabs. Many of the shortcomings of block and panel houses are the same: poor sound and heat insulation, holes at the junction of blocks and panels, cracks between the floor slabs. But in block houses there are fewer internal load-bearing walls, which simplifies the redevelopment. In recent years, multi-storey block houses have not been built, since block technology is considered obsolete, and panel panels continue to be erected. The panels increased in size, received a multilayer structure and became much more diverse.

The initial panel Moscow series - I-515 / 9M   (houses were built from 1957 to 1976). Like the II-18/9 series related to block houses, the series of the first panels can be considered both early Brezhnevka and late Khrushchev. You can recognize it by facing with small square tiles in white, bluish or beige, and the number of entrances here starts from four. Series Option - I-515 / 9Sh - Outwardly it differs by paired trapezoidal balconies, and its advantage is the ceiling height of 264 cm. In both cases, it is possible to arrange openings in the interior walls, and miniature 6-meter kitchens are considered a drawback (although this is not catastrophic 4.5 squares). The overall size of the apartments is also small, three-ruble, for example, less than 60 sq.m. While the houses of this series are not demolished, but in the future mass demolition is quite possible.

Series II-49Represented by nine-story buildings in several sections, it was built from 1965 to 1968 in Moscow, Moscow Region, Togliatti and the Crimea. During construction, glazed colored tiles were first used for cladding, which had a positive effect on the appearance of the facade, but there are plenty of minuses inside the apartments. So, the height of the ceilings here is, alas, 2.5-2.55 meters, and the kitchen area is only 6 square meters. As for the total area, the size of the dvushka varies from 45 to 47 sq.m., and the three-ruble notes do not exceed 60 sq.m. In addition, the series gained notoriety in connection with the so-called “phenolic houses” (the structural elements of some “representatives” of the series contain phenol, which is hazardous to health).

The multi-sectional panel series is somewhat better in quality. I-605/9   and its 12-story variety I-605/12, which are only in Moscow and Moscow region. They were built in 1965-1972, are not subject to demolition. The size of the kitchen here is a little more “encouraging”: about 6.5 square meters, and the total size of the kopecks and treshki is the same as in the previous version - 45-47 and about 60 sq.m. respectively. The ceilings “grew” to 264 cm and do not look so oppressive anymore. Partition walls, as in the previous series, are gypsum concrete.

Often found in Moscow and some other cities, a multi-section 12-story series II-57   and its modifications - 9-story and 17-story (years of construction date from 1963-1970). The series is easy to identify by paired or quad, the line of which seems rounded. The height of the ceilings here is 264 cm, a large kitchen is available only in odnushka, and in the courtyard and treshka you have to be content with the standard 6 sq.m. The size of the kopeck piece is still about 45 sq.m., and the treshka is a little more spacious - 63 sq.m. What pleases, the houses of the series will be overhauled in the coming years.

All of these series belong to the early Brezhnevka and are considered low-class housing.

Panel-frame houses

Due to the high cost of the series 1MG-600 not built long. In Moscow and the region from 1964 to 1967 only about 30 such nine-story buildings with 4-6 entrances were erected. The layouts of the apartments are considered quite successful: there are large kitchens and not the lowest ceiling height of 260 cm. Related series 1MG-601   It was built from 1965 to 1974. exclusively in Moscow, and there are more such copies in the capital: in all, about 80 houses were erected. The sizes of apartments and layouts are quite diverse, and the series itself is very variable. Judge for yourself: the number of entrances is from 1 to 4, floors are from 14 to 24, the ceiling height can be either 248 or 264 cm. There is one common layout: a large kitchen, except for the “unfortunate” 4-room apartment. Some buildings of the series are designed and built in the manner of hotels and hostels, and therefore on the ground floor there are vestibules.

Variant of this series - 1MG-601-441   (which stands out from the general serial background) - was built in 1971-1976. for employees of embassies and employees of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR. Elite houses are distinguished by layouts, workmanship, and a favorable location (for example, the so-called “German Town” on Vernadsky Avenue). The houses were built in a "limited edition", there are about twenty in total.

Even to the Moscow Late Brezhnev panel are houses of the P series: P-3, P-4, P-42, P-43, P-44, P-46, P-55. All of them are very similar in their characteristics. At the entrance there are two, one of which is usually cargo-passenger. The outer walls are three-layer (from 30 to 35 cm), and the inner ones are made of ordinary reinforced concrete (from 14 to 18 cm thick). Partition walls are made of concrete or gypsum concrete with a thickness of 8 to 12 cm. The bathroom is usually separate, all rooms in the apartments are isolated, the ceiling height is 264 cm. And all apartments have large loggias. The area of \u200b\u200bone-room and two-room apartments is usually average: one-room apartment - from 35 to 39 sq.m., one-room apartment - from 50 to 55 sq.m. Tears are not so "boring" in their uniformity and vary more in size. The smallest - 62-66 sq.m. - in P-42 and P-43. The largest - 80-82 sq.m. - in the P-46 and in part of the P-3 treshki. In the remaining apartments P-46 and P-55 - from 70 to 73 sq.m., in P-44 - from 72 to 77 sq.m. All apartments of all listed series have spacious kitchens from 8.5 to 10 sq.m. and electric stoves.

P-3 Series It was distinguished by a rather low construction cost and successful layouts. The exterior walls are usually white with red, orange or blue. Together with the P-44 series, it belongs to the long-lived series in Moscow and Moscow Region, these houses were built until 1998. One of the first representatives of the series is the 1980 Olympic Village in the Moscow region of Troparevo. The houses there are mainly 16-17-story, multi-sectional, but in the southern regions of Moscow there are several low-rise houses of the series. In addition to Moscow, the series is widespread in the suburbs.

P-4 Series   - These are beautiful single-entrance 16-22-story towers of white and light blue colors, which, unfortunately, are not often found by Muscovites. Of course, there are drawbacks here: from the P-3 this series differs not for the better in its thin intra-apartment partitions, which. But the apartments have successful layouts, but for redevelopment due to the peculiarities of partitions are not considered too suitable.

Twin series P-42 and P-43   represented by panel 16-story towers of greenish color, single or double, in contact with the corners. Such panels were built only in Moscow and the region and had their own characteristics. In P-42 there were four-room apartments, but there were no one-room apartments, and in P-43, on the contrary, why this series was more popular: 25 against 220 houses built, respectively. The P-42 was built in 1974-1979, the P-43 was a little longer, until 1985. The houses are considered quite high-quality, and of the drawbacks we note not always good thermal insulation.

P-46 series   - Another popular Brezhnev centenarian. The colors of the houses (they were also called Czech, since the series was developed together with Czech designers) are brown or white-blue, the number of entrances is two or more. The series was successfully built in Moscow and Moscow region from 1971 to 1998, but in the 90s it was already rare.

Series P-44   - the most popular Moscow series, built from 1978 to 2000, which is also the progenitor of modern panel series P-44-K, P-44M, P-44TM,   as well as the most massive series of modern panel houses today P-44T, of which more than 800 have already been built. Outwardly, however, all the daughter series are quite different from the P-44. And it is interesting in that it has no predecessors; it was designed, as they say, from scratch. In Moscow, a series is presented in every district in which mass development was carried out during these years. Also, the series houses are present in many cities of the Moscow Region, in Petrozavodsk, Nizhnevartovsk, Rostov-on-Don and some other cities. In total, 1200 houses were built in Moscow, 200 in the Moscow Region, 100 in the regions. The houses have from 8 to 17 floors, two or more entrances, as well as white-blue, white-beige, white and brown facades. Layouts of apartments are considered very successful, and the undoubted advantage from the point of view of redevelopment is the possibility of demolition of the partition between the corridor and the living room in three rubles.

P-55 series   - The latest of these series, the years of its construction - 1978-2002, and most of the houses were erected already in the post-Brezhnev era. Storeys of houses - 9, 12, 14; the number of entrances is two or more. The series has the most diverse of all series of colors. There is a whole palette - houses can be brown, white, blue, beige, yellow, orange and pink. The series is widespread in Moscow and some cities of the Moscow Region, and its specificity lies in the fact that it was specially designed with the possibility of construction along the transport highways, so that the houses were built from noise panels and have a layout in which most of the living rooms have windows facing the courtyard, and not on the unsightly roadway. The series also has a daughter series in the modern panel P-55M.

And finally, two panel towers: I-521A and Swan. The houses of these series can be counted on the fingers, but they are very impressive and brought their vibrant raspberry flare to the architectural appearance of the city of Brezhnev era. I-521A - an experimental series, the type of building has a complex name - "panel, with a monolithic stiffness core." Houses turned out to be too expensive for mass construction and were not particularly successful with developers. In twenty years - from 1974 to 1994 - only a dozen of these were built in Moscow. Structurally, they are distinguished by increased stability, which allowed them to be made 25-story, and these high-rise buildings look very favorably against the background of the surrounding neighborhoods. Although apartments with a large 10-meter kitchen are generally medium in size, they are valued quite high in the secondary housing market.

The same can be said of apartments in the houses of the Swan series. The number of storeys of the Swan is less: 16 and 20 floors, but they also look very impressive at home, and were considered superelite in their golden time. The most famous representatives are a complex of four 16-story houses on the Leningradskoye Shosse on the banks of the Khimki Reservoir and the so-called “house on legs” at the intersection of Begovaya Street and Leningradsky Prospekt (not to be confused with VDNH, where Sergey Lukyanenko settled the hero of Night Watch: he the house was built according to the author’s project of architects Andreev and Zaikin).

The complex on Leningradskoye Shosse is interesting, among other things, because it is the forerunner of modern residential complexes in which several houses are combined architecturally and structurally, and the necessary infrastructure for residents is located on the ground floor: shops, a clinic, a kindergarten, etc. And these are the first panel houses in Moscow with underground parking. The houses of the Swan series are of the frame-panel type, the first of them, those on the Leningradskoye Highway, were built in 1972-1973. Nearby, also near Leningradka, several more houses were built before the beginning of the 80s. The last “Swan” was built in 2003, flying from north to south of the capital, on Miklukho-Maklaya street. Despite the elite, 1-bedroom and 2-bedroom apartments are medium in size, albeit with a 10-meter kitchen. But 3 and 4-room apartments are already close to current standards, and the kitchens in them have grown to 13 meters. And yet all the apartments have huge loggias, when glazed which turn out to be full rooms. Using the example of “Swan” it is especially clearly visible how a beautiful building, practically a monument of architecture, uncontrolled glazing and installation of air conditioners can disfigure. Now the “Swans” look rather dilapidated due to different-sized double-glazed windows built on the huts' balconies, and walls, like flies covered with hinged air conditioning units.

St. Petersburg panel houses are similar in characteristics to Moscow ones, but outwardly some popular series are noticeably different. The most characteristic of the old panel of Peter can be called the six hundredth series - "house-ships." Once they became a breakthrough in St. Petersburg city planning and were considered prestigious. At home 1-LG-600 series really look like ships thanks to the continuous rows of windows along the facade. Confusing with other series is simply impossible. Houses can have a different number of entrances and floors, as they are periodically modified and have several generations. The characteristics of the apartments are almost the same as those of the Khrushchevs: ceilings of 2.5 meters, kitchens of 6.2-6.3 square meters, however, the bathroom is separate. A clear drawback of the series is poor thermal insulation, these houses are some of the coldest in St. Petersburg. And another chronic drawback - leaks on the facade.

More recently, it became known that on the Siqueiros Street in St. Petersburg (by the way, the street was named after Alfaro Siqueiros, the Mexican monumental artist who contributed to architecture), a staircase collapsed, and this is the second time. So, ship houses eventually revealed another significant drawback.

Among the modifications of the series in a positive direction stands out 1-LG600A / 70. The external difference is that the sections are located by protrusions, and the peculiarity of its layout is in large kitchens with an area of \u200b\u200babout 12 sq.m. The advantages of the series include the location in the old sleeping areas. Due to this, they are quite competitive and liquid in the secondary housing market of economy class.

Alice Orlova

Brezhnevka

In 1970, the Unified Catalog of Building Parts was adopted, on the basis of which standard designs were further developed. From a series of houses (5-9 storey houses): I -515 / 9m I -515 / 9ш 1605/9 II-18/9 II-29 II-32 II-49
   Panel "brezhnevka" is an improved "Khrushchev". In these houses, the area of \u200b\u200bthe rooms is larger and the kitchens are even seven-meter. The ceiling height increased to 2.7 m. The houses belonging to this type of housing already had elevators and garbage chutes.
   Houses built before 1990 belong to the "Brezhnevka". The rest are classified as “modern panel”.
   To the type of "brezhnevka" are houses of the following mass series:
   Large-panel: series - 504;
   Modification - 1LG504D2;
   series - I-LG-602;
   series - I-LG-606;
   series - I-LG-600 (ship);
   series - 121 (until 1992 built);
   Brick: modifications of the I -528KP series;
   series - I -528KP-41 - 9 floors;
   series - I -528KP-80 - 14 floors - point;
Series - I LG504D2 - improved standard series 504. Apartments, if they are one-room, have a spacious kitchen (13.2-13.5 m2) and a large total area. In addition, the bathroom has a small vestibule for installing a washing machine. In two-room apartments, the kitchen is slightly smaller (11.5-11.8 m2), but everything else is preserved, and there are two loggias. But such houses were built only in the Primorsky district: at the Commandant airfield and in Kamenka.
   Series - 1-Lg-602 - the development of this series began at the Obukhov DSK in 1966. Elevators and garbage chutes appeared in the houses. The floors in the rooms are linoleum. Windows on the landing are elongated in a horizontal plane. Layouts of houses of series 1-602 did not differ in variety. The design of the staircase and elevator unit made it possible to place four apartments on the floor.
   The main disadvantages of this series are the lack of storage rooms in small apartments, as well as uncomfortable kitchens. With not the smallest area - more than 7 m2 - the kitchens are “sandwiched” between the outer wall and the monolithic plumbing. Because of this feature, common areas in such apartments are practically undevelopable. But the bathrooms are separate in all apartments.
I -528KP-41 - relate to the Brezhnev period, were designed taking into account the standards adopted in 1963 (built in the 60s). A corridor-type staircase, which allows neighbors to allocate a common vestibule for two or three apartments. Layouts: rooms from 10.2 to 21.6 m2; kitchens - from 5.7 to 8.3 m2. In one-room apartments there are adjacent bathrooms, in the rest, as a rule, separate, although small. Passing rooms are only in three-room apartments. The disadvantages include tight L-shaped hallways, narrow, car-like rooms in three-room apartments.
I -528КП-80э - single-access point 14-storey building. In such a house there are two elevators with sliding doors (one of them is a freight). The black staircase (with a separate entrance) communicates with the platform by passing through the loggia.
   In such houses, on-door speakerphones are very common, as well as concierges in the porches and video surveillance systems (typical for housing construction companies).
   A characteristic feature of these houses is large loggias with two windows in all apartments.
   Living area of \u200b\u200bII-32-room apartments - 21.3 m2; kitchen from 7.6 to 8.6 m2. The bath is located transversely.

To answer this question, you need to recall a little history. When Russia was still in the status of the USSR, in the sixties of the last century, the leadership of our country recognized the fact that the state was significantly behind the West in economic development. Then it was decided to mass and scale the development of the economy, aimed at improving the quality of life of ordinary citizens, including improving housing conditions.

Thus, the construction of the so-called panel housing began. Communal apartments gradually receded into the past (although they did not completely disappear, right up to our time), each separate apartment in the planned five and nine-story buildings was designed for each family separately.

The goal of this project was laid - with the maximum reduction of funds and the reduction in cost of technology, to provide as many consumers as possible with high-quality housing conditions. Thanks to the introduction of panel construction projects, it was planned to provide the maximum number of Soviet families with inexpensive separate housing (maximum until 2000).

Panel Construction Technology

The manufacturing technology of large reinforced concrete slabs was originally developed directly at the construction site, which did not always meet the quality standard. By the way, when the production was established in the factory, the quality did not improve, up to the appointment of strict control over the creation of reinforced concrete structures in accordance with state standards.

The process of building typical prefabricated houses was greatly simplified and accelerated thanks to this technology, now it was not necessary to create monolithic structures. Houses were assembled from "small" parts, like designers. This was the most important advantage of the construction of such housing - low cost and high speed.

Typical series of prefabricated houses

From the forties, the construction of new housing began on five floors, then the construction of the famous steel buildings, high-quality and spacious, which lasted until the development of typical panel houses in the sixties - the so-called Khrushchevs, in which, apart from their availability and isolation, practically no positive qualities were observed.

Depending on the technology adopted and the number of storeys, panel houses began to be divided into standard series - alphabetic and numerical numbers, which differ in their characteristics.

The most common old houses throughout the territory of the former USSR are typical panel houses in 5 floors of the 1-500 series, etc.

For example, panel houses of the 83 series were later called upon to replace the 1-468 series, as they were better and more convenient in layout. The houses were built on five to ten floors. Rooms can be from one to four. Such houses began to be built since the late 70s, but projects are being finalized and used in our time.

The 97 series is also known, the houses of which have 5, 9 and 10 floors. The time of use of projects in this series is estimated from the 70s to our time.

Panel houses of the 90th series can be distinguished as a separate article of this time (the 80s), these houses began to replace the Khrushchevs, as they had an improved layout.

What was its improvement?

Firstly, unlike the Khrushchevs, the area became more spacious, the rooms from the passageways turned into separate ones. Most often, the 90 series is represented by one-bedroom apartments. Secondly, the area of \u200b\u200bthe bedroom could be increased by tearing down the wall with the adjacent pantry, which had the depth of the bedroom. Thirdly, the area due to this pantry of 28 square meters. meters turns into 33 square meters. meters, which was a significant advantage.

In the later late period - in the seventies, typical panel 9-storey houses of series II were built and commissioned (II - 18, II - 29, II - 57).

In the eighties, developments in this direction were carried out, and the construction of panel houses was carried up to 22 floors, although this is more an exception to the rule than the rule at this time.

In the nineties, the whole regions of the old Khrushchev were demolished and more modern panel houses with a number of floors from 8 to 25 were built in their place.

Types of apartments and their characteristics

More modern panel housing was built as 9 story houses. The very first series of nine-story buildings was series 119. The apartments in this series already had an elevator and a garbage chute. The number of rooms in a separate apartment was calculated from two (or more), in addition there were loggias. A later version is the 467 series.

In addition to what was already presented in the previous series, there is a more convenient layout of the entrances, while the entrance to the apartments is separated by a door that closes at the entrance, which separates the areas of the housing itself and the entrance with a garbage chute. 602 a series of nine-story buildings is considered the newest, the separation by the door from the entrance has disappeared, but the garbage chute has moved to the territory of the honey floors. There are four apartments left on the site, however, the location of the entrances to them is not very convenient, since they are located very close to each other.

In the 70s, typical panel houses were built not only 5–9 storey buildings, but also 10 storey buildings. By SERIES, you can determine the type of construction and the year of its construction. Most often, the 10-story houses include the so-called brezhnevka: P-3 (from 70 to 98 years), P-30 (1973-2005), PP-70 (80-90s), PP-83 (80-90s), I-III-3 (79-93 years).

Some of the same series include 16-storey panel houses. In addition, you can add such series as the P-44 (1973-2008), P-4 (1975-2005), P-42, 43 (72-83 years), the Swan series (1966-2003) , 1-MN-601 (65-75 years).

How to find out a series of prefabricated house?

Knowing the number of storeys of the house and the years of its release, you can previously determine the series of construction. Let's start with the oldest Khrushchev - five-story buildings, which naturally did not have an elevator or a garbage chute. Most often, these houses belong to such series as 1-335 or K-7. Gradually, cities try to get rid of these houses and build more modern housing in their place.

Brezhnevka, higher in number of storeys and comfort, belongs to the P-44 series. There is already an elevator and a chute. The quality of such housing is much higher than the Khrushchev. moreover, advanced projects of this series are the basis for the construction of modern houses. The maximum height of the house in this series is 17 floors. And the quality of construction allows such houses to survive for hundreds of years.

Panel skyscrapers in the 14-17 floors related to the 70s with one entrance most often relate to the II-68 series. They are also comfortable, as well as suggest a free layout. The demand for houses in this series and currently forces engineers to improve these projects.

If you doubt the correctness of your assumption in the number and series of your panel housing, then you can always find exhaustive information in the technical passport of the apartment, or request the appropriate paper from the Bureau of Technical Inventory (but be prepared for the fact that the service may be paid).