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Like if the buildings are beautiful
Must multiply the stars number,
Constellation is clear
Worthy Tsarskoye Selo
M.V. Lomonosov To the south of St. Petersburg is the small city of Pushkin, named after the famous Russian poet, whose life was closely connected with these places. Until 1918, the city was called Tsarskoye Selo, and it is with this name that the brightest pages of the history of the city are associated. With Tsarskoye Selo there are many memories of the heyday and decline of the Romanov dynasty. Tsarskoye Selo is located 25 km south of the center of St. Petersburg. This is a small town with two huge palaces around which parks are laid out. Tsarskoye Selo is the summer royal residence and literary symbol of Russia.
Despite the fact that for two centuries Tsarskoye Selo was the ceremonial summer residence of Russian emperors, the origin of the name of this city has nothing to do with the Russian word "Tsar". Until 1772, the Tsarskoye Selo lands belonged to the Swedes, and on the site of the future royal residences was the Sarsky manor, that is, the manor on an elevated place? which Peter I in 1710 gave to his wife Ekaterina Alekseevna. After the Swedes were expelled from the conquered territory, Sarskoye Manor began to be called Sarskoye Selo. In 1717, construction began on a stone palace in Tsarskoye Selo, and the Finnish name was replaced. Over the years, a modest manor has turned into a brilliant suburban residence of the Russian autocrats, one of the most beautiful palace and park ensembles in Europe.
In 1702, through the Saritshoff, in the direction of the Duderhof graveyard, the retreating Swedes fled, pursued by Russian troops led by B.P. Sheremetyev and P.M. Apraksin, who liberated the region from the 100-year-old rule of foreigners.
Since 1703, the Sarsky Manor began to belong to the governor-general of the liberated land, A. D. Menshikov, who, since 1708, with the help of the Stables Affairs Office, began to conduct a planned economy here, populating the estate and surrounding lands with carpenters' artels and “plowed peasants, prosperous, kind and economic ". A.D. Menshikov owned the estate until 1710. On June 24, 1710, Peter I presented the Sarsky Manor together with 43 assigned villages and lands to Martha Skavronskaya, who in 1712 became his wife under the name of Ekaterina Alekseevna. This day is the official date of the foundation of Tsarskoye Selo.
Just as Peter was able to see the future of St. Petersburg in the thin swamps, so Catherine at the place of a modest estate presented a magnificent residence. In this case, the Emperor’s wife said “to be this”. It was an act in the spirit of Peter and to match his most magnificent designs.
The first palace, the “stone chambers of 16 luminaries” was built in 1724 by I. Braunshtein by order of Ekaterina Alekseevna on the site of the estate of the first owner of the estate, which had survived from military operations. The expansion of the Sarsky manor entailed an increase in the number of palace employees. Near the residence, a settlement began to form. The buildings, located in close proximity to the Imperial Palace, formed first Sadovaya, and later Servant (now Middle) and Small streets. In 1728, the estate was transferred to the Tsarevna Elizaveta Petrovna. Before her accession to the throne in 1741, the only significant building in Tsarskoye Selo was the Znamenskaya Church, created in 1734 by architects M. Zemtsov and I. Blanc.
Since 1741 Tsarskoye Selo became the official residence of Russian monarchs. The favorable geographical location of the city, proximity to the capital, the Gulf of Finland, picturesque countryside at an altitude of 120 meters above sea level, favorable wind rose, fresh air, dry place, clean water sources, healthy climate contributed to this circumstance. There has never been an epidemic of plague, cholera or other dangerous mass diseases, often affecting other areas. Since that time, the construction of the palace ensemble, hydraulic structures and ordinary urban residential buildings began. Many outstanding architects and artists, famous stone and wood carvers, the best blacksmiths and stonecutters worked here to create palaces and parks.
Italian baroque, antique and gothic, Egyptian, Chinese and ancient Russian motifs - everything is intricately intertwined in this amazing city.
A French diplomat, a contemporary of Empress Elizabeth, called the Catherine Palace a jewel, which is missing only a case. And in fact, this magnificent building, made in the style of Russian Baroque, is striking in its brilliant splendor. In the palace and park ensemble of Pushkin, it stands out for its scale, an elegant combination of colors - white, sky blue and gold - and the whimsical architectural solutions.
Finally, the Catherine Palace gained its brilliant appearance, with some changes to this day, thanks to the chief architect of the courtyard B.-F. Rastrelli.
The decree on the reconstruction of the old building was signed by Elizabeth on May 10, 1752, and on July 30, 1756, Rastrelli presented his creation to the empress and foreign ambassadors.
Rebuilding the palace, Rastrelli retained its basic elements. In the long (over 325 meters) facade of the building you can distinguish the "middle house", that is, the center of the palace, underlined by three ledges - risalits. The "middle house" is decorated with Atlantes and Caryatids, decorative masks (mascarons) on gables and over windows, cartouches and other stucco decorations. In 1756, sculptures, mascarons and cartouches were gilded, which gave the palace a special shine.
Symmetrical outbuildings connected by galleries departed from the central part of the palace, which Rastrelli organically included in the general plan of the palace, creating full-story buildings. Five gilded domes of the Palace Church towered above the northern building, and a large gilded dome with a multi-pointed star on a spire rose above the southern one, where the front porch was located. According to the Rastrelli project, the Main Courtyard was also finalized, the entrance to which is decorated with gilded gates made according to the architect’s drawing at the Sestroretsk plant.
No less luxurious was the interior decoration of the Catherine Palace. Due to the abundance of gilded carvings created by Rastrelli, the Grand Enfilade was nicknamed "Golden." Rastrelli also used the enfilade layout of the halls in other palaces, but only in Catherine’s the length of the Grand Enfilade was equal to the length of the entire building.
In the interiors of the palace stands the Picture Hall, the walls of which are decorated with 130 paintings by Western European artists. This collection was acquired in 1754 specifically for the decoration of the hall. Immediately behind the Picture Hall used to be the famous Amber Room.
Skillfully organized water landscape, carefully planned regular and landscape parks complemented and enriched the overall picture of the Tsar’s residence. Many outstanding artists and architects have put their hand, skill and heart to the creation of this magnificence. Here were created I. Braunstein, A. Kvasov, S. Chevakinsky, F. Rastrelli, V. Neyelov and sons, C. Cameron, D. Quarenghi, V. Stasov, A. Menelas, I. Monighetti, F. Valeriani. This is not a complete list of the most famous names and surnames.
City buildings are not inferior to the palace and park ensemble. The city is fascinated by the geometric rigor of the streets, reminiscent of the alleys of a regular garden. The luxury of the palace facades, the monumentality of cathedrals and temples amazes. The whole look of the city creates a special atmosphere of purity, clarity, calm, bright joy. M.V. Lomonosov, G.R. Derzhavin, N.M. Karamzin, V.A.Zhukovsky, M.Yu. Lermontov, F.I. lived and worked here. Tyutchev, N.V. Gogol, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, N.S. Gumilyov, A.A. Akhmatova, A.N. Tolstoy, O.D. Forsh, A.R. Belyaev, P.P. Chistyakov, I.E. Repin, N.K. Roerich, V.M. Vasnetsov.
The name of A.S. Pushkin, imprinted in Tsarskoye Selo monuments and street names known throughout the world, is forever connected with Tsarskoye Selo.
Catherine I bequeathed Tsarskoye Selo to her daughter, Tsarevna Elizabeth. Elizabeth loved this residence so much that, barely ascending to the throne, she instructed the architect Mikhail Zemtsov to draw up a project for the enlargement and reconstruction of the Catherine Palace.
Catherine II also preferred Tsarskoye Selo to all other suburban residences. In her reign, the Alexander Palace was built, and the Agate Rooms, the Cameron Gallery and the Grand Ducal Corps were attached to the Catherine Palace. The parks of Tsarskoye Selo were expanded and decorated with many new buildings and monuments in honor of the empress's associates.
The construction in Tsarskoye Selo, abandoned during the reign of Paul I, continued under Alexander I and Nicholas I. It was by the decision of Alexander in 1810 that the Lyceum was opened, which forever became a symbol of Tsarskoye Selo and the embodiment of the memory of the young years of Alexander Pushkin.
In addition to the palace, he created a magnificent Resurrection Church, a grotto decorated with various shells, huge "noise", twisted and small in various colors. In Tsarskoye Selo there was even a hanging garden. In the new part of Tsarskoye Selo Park, Rastrelli built the Montbijou Pavilion, translated from French as “my jewel”, “my treasure”. Montbijoux was used for rest and dinners after the hunt, which is why the part of the pavilion was called the Hunter.
To the southwest of the Grand Imperial Palace is the area called Sofia. On January 1, 1780, a decree was issued by Catherine II No. 14958 "on the establishment of the St. Petersburg province of seven counties." It said that "... at the Village of Tsarskoye, on the right side of the new Novgorod road, and on the left to Porkhov, to build a city called Sofia." The city received its own emblem: against a red background is an image of a double-headed eagle, in the claws of which there is an anchor and a burning torch. These were signs of stability and order: a burning torch spoke of the illuminated path, and an anchor - of the found peace. It was supposed to resettle all the inhabitants of the palace settlement in Sofia, but it was settled mainly by merchants, industrialists, clergy and the military.
Sofia was planned and rebuilt according to the decree of the Empress: "... to arrange the streets, corresponding to the roads of the nearby garden, so as to make it look ...". The layout of the city was entrusted to the court architect C. Cameron. Documents indicate that the architect made drawings not only of individual houses, but of entire streets. In fact, it was a project of architectural framing of Tsarskoye Selo Catherine Park. For the area adjacent to the park, the architect created a special “large model”, and for the rest of the city - “small”. The area and the part of the city adjacent to the park were to be built up with houses according to the "big model", and the rest of Sofia - according to the "small"
At the beginning of the eighteenth century, construction according to standard designs was widespread in Russia. Even during the founding of St. Petersburg, the architect D. Trezzini created the first "model" drawings of residential buildings. Later, A. Kvasov, V. Guest and other architects were engaged in designing such houses. While working on his plan, C. Cameron developed a typical cell of a residential building. By combining such cells together, it was possible to create buildings of any length. Sometimes the cells were connected arbitrarily, but because many houses in Sofia have the wrong shape.
On August 29, 1808, by decree of Alexander I, a single city was formed under the name Tsarskoye Selo. In connection with the decision of the Emperor, the architect V.I.Geste developed a plan for the reconstruction of Tsarskoye Selo. Naturally, it included the district of Sofia.
By the second half of the nineteenth century, it was at that time a well-equipped European city with rail services, well-arranged water supply and sewage systems, a telegraph, a telephone, and a radio station. The city had 14 thousand inhabitants, there was a hospital with 150 beds, and an almshouse for 40 people was set up. The City Hall, the police department, two fire brigades provided and maintained exemplary order. For the first time in Europe, electricity appeared in Tsarskoye Selo.
Time passed. Since 1905, the last Russian autocrat Nicholas II constantly lived in the Alexander Palace. It was on his initiative that the talented architects V. A. Pokrovsky, S. S. Krichinsky, V. M. Maksimov, S. Yu. Sidorchuk, S. A. Danini, A. R. Bach erected a whole complex of cult, military, educational, administrative and residential buildings and structures. They enriched the city landscape with buildings in Old Russian and classical styles.
In 1917, after his arrest, Nikolai and his family were transferred from Tsarskoye Selo to Tobolsk, and from there to Yekaterinburg, where the emperor’s family and the emperor himself were executed. This ended the story of Tsarskoye Selo as the residence of Russian emperors.
Tsarskoye Selo in pre-revolutionary times was an exemplary city in which advanced achievements of science and technology were introduced. The first railway line in Russia (built for the convenience of the imperial family) stretched from Tsarskoye Selo to Petersburg and Pavlovsk. Electricity was carried out in the city, water supply and sewage were arranged. A small copy of the St. Petersburg Gostiny Dvor was built, as well as numerous villas. After the revolution, these villas were turned into orphanages, and the city received the corresponding name - "Children's Village". In 1937 the city was named "Pushkin" to commemorate the centenary of the death of the poet. Now the palace complex is again called Tsarskoye Selo, and their old names are returned to many streets. However, the city itself is still called Pushkin.
My friends, our union is beautiful!
He, as a soul, is inseparable and eternal - Unshakable, free and careless,
He grew together under the shadow of friendly muses.
Where fate doesn’t leave us
And happiness, no matter where it leads,
We are all the same: we have a whole world of foreign land;
Fatherland us Tsarskoye Selo. A. Pushkin
After the fall of the monarchy, the city turned into a museum, preserving the memory of its former greatness.
During the occupation (from September 1941 to January 1944), the Nazis sacked the palaces, and in the whole city there was not a single house suitable for housing. The Germans in the Catherine’s palace stole parquet floors, painted plafonds, paintings and other objects. 57 halls of the palace were destroyed. When the Nazis were driven out, the first window glass was inserted into the window of Pushkin’s room in the Lyceum. After decades of restoration work, both castles look the same as before the war, but many pavilions have not yet been restored, as this requires considerable effort and high financial costs.
Tsarskoye Selo - the city of Pushkin today has already declared itself as a city of high culture. Its squares, boulevards, amazing buildings, charming gardens and parks, an unusual aura - all contribute to creativity, inspiration. His story, largely mysterious and still waiting for new discoveries, attracts not only historians. It will be of interest to anyone, because here every street, every corner excites its historical importance or involvement in it.
According to UNESCO, Pushkin is one of the top ten cities in the world in terms of attractiveness for tourists. 9 out of 10 tourists visiting St. Petersburg come to the city of Pushkin. The former royal residence, numbering more than 300 monuments of architecture, history and culture, is famous far beyond the borders of Russia for its palaces, parks, cathedrals and princely mansions.
The most striking holiday of the city is the Tsarskoye Selo Carnival, which combines the interests of city residents and the business world. The Tsarskoye Selo Carnival was first held in June 1996. Tsarskoye Selo Carnival is admitted to the Association of European Carnival Cities. In 2000, the delegation of St. Petersburg-Pushkin received the flag of the carnival movement and from that moment on, Pushkin became the carnival capital of the world. From May 27 to June 3, 2001, the XX1 International Convention of Carnival Cities of Europe and the YII Tsarskoye Selo Carnival took place in St. Petersburg.
Many international events have already become traditional and annual for Pushkin:
International Tsarskoye Selo festival "City of Muses", in which representatives from more than 20 foreign countries take part; International festival "Tsarsko-rural autumn", in the framework of which the International Festival of Children's Choral Art is held.
Among the first in Europe, Pushkin signed the Wahlberg Charter for Sustainable Urban Development and is a participant in 5 federal international programs for its implementation. By the 300th anniversary of St. Petersburg, an international cultural center will be built in Pushkin.
The popularity of Tsarskoye Selo as an international center of culture and tourism is growing.
In 2000, Pushkin, the only city in Russia, was awarded the flag of honor of Europe.
Autumn late
I love Tsarskoye Selo Garden,
When he is quiet half dark
as if covered with a nap
And white-winged visions
On the dim lake glass
In some bliss numbness
They die in this half-darkness .. And on the porphyry steps
Catherine's palaces
Shadow falls
October early evenings - And the garden darkens like oak trees,
And with the stars from the darkness of the night
Like a glimpse of a glorious past
It turns out the golden dome ...
Page 1 Introduction
Knowing your culture, your roots is necessary. This postulate does not need to be proved. It is enough to note - and most likely, it will be true (although not new) - that without the past there is no future, there is no development, both of an individual person and of the whole society.In my work I want to talk about one of the most beautiful suburbs of St. Petersburg - Tsarskoye Selo (Pushkin city). The palace and park ensemble of Tsarskoye Selo was created over more than two centuries. This is a wonderful example of Russian architectural and landscape art. Tsarskoye Selo, as a suburban residence, has been leading its history since the beginning of the 18th century. “... We are all the same
We have a whole world - a foreign land
Homeland to us - Tsarskoye Selo "
A. S. Pushkin
CHAPTER I
History of the creation of Tsarskoye Selo
More than a thousand years ago, the whole area where Peter the Great laid the new Russian capital was inhabited by Slavs and Finnish tribes. The initial chronicle and the ancient Scandinavian sagas know the Neva, Ladoga, Ilmen, Luga. Even St. Olga established the size of tribute and set up administrative centers in the Prinevskaya region.
The lands along the banks of the Luga, Narova, Neva and its tributaries: Slavyanka, Izhora, Mya, were for many centuries owned by persons from all walks of the Novgorod citizens, the lord, the prince, churches and monasteries. All the time of the three centuries-long struggle of Novgorod with the Swedes and with the German knights, the lands until Narova did not know any other authority except Novgorod. The territory in which in the XVIII century a magnificent suburban the residence of the Imperial Court - Tsarskoye Selo, has long been part of the inner Novgorod lands. In the second quarter of the XIII century, on the one hand the German knights, and on the other the Swedes, taking advantage of the disasters of the Russian land, decide to subjugate the power of Novgorod tributaries and seize the key to Novgorod trade - the course of the Neva River.
1.1. Peter the Great.
The end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th centuries were marked by the great success of the Swedes. For the first time, the banks of the Neva and the cities of Ivan-Gorod, Koporye, Yama and Korela should recognize the power of the Swedish king.
Peter the Great led a decisive battle with Sweden, and, having barely occupied the Neva for his troops, founded the capital at its mouth. War with
Sweden was still far from over when the tsar considered himself so strong in the land returned to Russia that around his "paradise" he began to build "amusement castles", encouraging his relatives as well. Oranienbaum, Tsarskoye Selo, Peterhof, Yekaterinhof appeared long before the end of the Great Northern War. The dispute with Sweden continued for a whole century.
Peter the Great found the land depopulated, neglected: many villages still retained the old Russian names, but were settled by Finns and Germans as colonists. Having taken the source of the Neva, Peter appoints his beloved Alexander Danilovich Menshikov as the General Governor of Ingermanland, Karelia and Estonia. Then the Sarsky manor (the ancient name of this place) was donated to A. D. Menshikov. But then the emperor, changing the decision, “wrote off” the manor of his beloved Martha Skavronskaya. At her disposal is the old Swedish manor Saari-mois, that is, "the manor in an elevated place." The joyful event is celebrated, as it should be in Russia, on a grand scale. However, not everyone had fun on this
holiday of life. Among the crowd heated with wine stood out the gloomy figure of Menshikov. Alexander Danilovich was a victim. After all, the land conquered from the Swedes in 1702 until that moment belonged to him, and did not want to part with it at all. There was another unpleasant moment in the broad gesture of His Majesty. Now it was definitely possible to say that the former lover of Alexander Danilovich Martha Skavronskaya would become the queen. Menshikov's forebodings came true. The wedding of the king with the future Empress Catherine I took place two
of the year. And the Sarsky manor became the royal residence. Subsequently, the Sarsky manor began to be called Sarskoye Selo, and with the beginning of palace construction it turned into Tsarskoye Selo.
The founding date of Tsarskoye Selo is June 24, 1710, which is stated in the letter: “His Royal Majesty deigned to give Katerina Alekseyevna in Koporye County the Sarskoye and Slavic manors with their villages, with peasants and with all their lands, and upon receipt of that manor with all the villages belonging to them and the rest to her Katerina Alekseevna give, and write out those manors from salary books; and that in those manors in return there will be yards and arable land, and a forest, and hay mowing, and all sorts of land about that send a statement about everything. "
The country apartments of Ekaterina Alekseevna and Peter I in those days were a small estate with a mill, a garden, office buildings and a two-story wooden house - the "manger", in which, in fact, their Majesties were located. However, the queen should not live in modesty ...
1.2. Catherine I As soon as Ekaterina Alekseyevna took over the Sarsky manor, which began to be officially called Tsarskoye Selo in 1725, she actively began to improve it. Even during the life of Peter the Great, Empress Ekaterina Alekseevna laid the foundation
to a small park around the new stone chambers and, having appointed part of the forest as a menagerie, she ordered to enclose it with tyne. In addition to the alder grove and spruce "perspective", planted along the park's border, gardening, master Jan Rosen was instructed to plant an extensive fruit garden along present Sadovaya Street, and arrange greenhouses and greenhouses at the menagerie fence 1
.
So the future luxury was born .... Upon the death of Catherine I, by virtue of her spiritual testament, Tsarskoye Selo passed into the ownership of Tsesarevna Elizabeth.
No matter how hard the princess tried to spend less on the maintenance of the Tsarsko-rural chambers and estates, she still had to spend on their repairs. Orchard, hayfields, hotbeds, dues all went to cover expenses. Each ruble was counted by the crown prince. She very carefully calculated her expenses and spent them with great care. For 18 years she had to live almost exclusively on income from her estates. The only luxury that she allowed herself in Tsarskoye Selo during this difficult period of her life was the construction of the Znamensky stone church, in which she intended to place the icon of the Sign of the Mother of God that she especially reveres.
The contrast of Tsesarevna’s modest expenses on her beloved patrimony in those difficult long years with the fabulous expenses that she made when she became empress is striking. Nothing seemed to her magnificent enough for decoration. In Tsarskoye Selo there is a magnificent stone building with marble columns, with bright rooms, parquet and marble floors, with a shiny dome and monumental stairs, decorated with gilded railings, balustrades and statues. Rastrelli surrounds the entire menagerie with a stone wall and builds hunting pavilions in it in the corners (lusthaus) and magnificent stone Montbijou in the center; everything shines with gilding, marble; artists paint walls; rich carvings adorn doors and ceilings. The Empress does not like a large number of servants during the table - Rastrelli designs the Hermitage, where tables, dishes, plates are served with an invisible hand in the hall and the servant is not needed. Around the palace, the settlement is rapidly expanding - Tsarskoye Selo with many residents, one way or another feeding the palace. Here live workers, contractors, craftsmen, artists, architects, courtiers, military teams,
6
officials and persons of the Tsaritsyn suite.
During the thirty-four-year reign of Empress Catherine II, Tsarskoye Selo not only did not decline, but reached the highest degree of prosperity. The better the state affairs went, the more the Empress spent on her beloved residence. Towards the end of the reign, Tsarskoye Selo changed beyond recognition: the Alexander Palace was built; It was built at the end of the 18th century according to the project of architect J. Quarenghi. Catherine II presented the palace as a gift to her beloved grandson Alexander Pavlovich (future emperor Alexander I) for his wedding with the great princess Elizaveta Alekseevna. After the death of Alexander I, the palace until the revolution continued to remain the residence of the imperial family.
In addition, the Grand Palace was enlarged by the extension of the Agate Rooms, the Cameron Gallery, the Grand Ducal Corps, the superstructure of the Church Building and the construction of Zubovsky; the gardens are expanded and decorated with many new buildings and monuments in honor of the empress's associates; on the other side of the lake a new district city of Sofia arose. The city of Sofia and St. Sophia Cathedral were supposed to glorify the victories of Russia in the Russian-Turkish war, like the monuments erected in Tsarskoye Selo Park.
Special pavilions such as the Hermitage deserve special mention. Chapelle, Arsenal. In Catherine’s park is the famous "Cameron Gallery", and in Alexandrovsky - an unusual Chinese village.
1.3. Elizaveta Petrovna Thirteen guns were fired three times in honor of the completion of the construction of the palace in 1724, and a year later the suburban residence received a new name - Tsarskoye Selo. For forty years, the palace was constantly being completed. As a result, by the middle of the 18th century, when Elizaveta Petrovna ascended the throne, the two-story stone chambers of Catherine I had grown into a gigantic structure more than 300 meters long. It seemed that it could not be better. But this was not the merry empress, as they called Elizabeth in the people. In 1751, she gave the order for a complete reconstruction of the palace. An impeccable beauty, the master of male hearts, kind and unbalanced, she loved everything that was too much. Her wardrobe was bursting with outfits, they say there were at least 5,000 dresses in it. And the passion for diamonds hit the pockets of subjects. Even the poorest courtiers were required to wear this stone in the form of buttons, buckles, and jewelry. Some even sprinkled hair with diamond powder. Foreign guests were speechless at the sight of such a defiant luxury. If the Russian troops won,
the empress commanded to shoot from the walls of Petropavlovka at night or early in the morning, and at least 101 times. With a truly Russian scale, she went to the reconstruction of the palace. In her opinion, he was to become the most magnificent, most grandiose and most luxurious in Europe. The architect Rastrelli took on the realization of her Majesty's dream. He created an endless enfilade formed from a three hundred meter chain of halls. The idea was brilliant 2
.
8
Those who came from St. Petersburg became spectators of a truly mystical spectacle. The empress appeared a small sparkling dot at the very end of the enfilade. Moving slowly, she approached the guests, like a vision or a ghost. Such a spectacular exit was quite in the spirit of Elizabeth. To amaze, stun, surprise - these three words could become the life credo of the empress. Masquerades and balls were considered events of national importance. The Empress was an excellent dancer herself and demanded the same from others. It was Elizabeth who introduced the tradition of appearing at each ball without fail in a new luxurious outfit, and sometimes she changed ball gowns twice in the evening. Ladies were forbidden to dress and comb their hair the way the empress herself did. Those invited in advance made inquiries about what the empress would be wearing. If anyone dared to violate the law of the court, Elizabeth personally could punish the offender. Cut the wrong combed hair, pick a flower from the dress. The queen strictly watched the attendance of balls and masquerades. And at the end of these, she was given a list of "truants" with explanations for what reason one or another guest was absent. In general, "the merry empress loved to have fun."
The imperial-rural imperial residence is not only palaces, but also the surrounding parks. The most interesting of them are Catherine and Alexander. Different corners of these parks
decorated in different styles - regular and landscape. In addition to natural and artificially created ponds, magnificent ground flower beds and picturesque groves, parks are decorated with pavilions erected to entertain members of the imperial family and their guests.
The best architects of that time were discharged by the empress from abroad: A. Rinaldi, C. Cameron, J. Quarenghi - decorated with their
the palace and the park work. V. Neyelov was sent abroad with his son for improvement. Paying attention to the lack of water in Tsarskoye Selo, Catherine ordered a water supply from Taits, sufficient to feed the ponds and to supply drinking water to Tsarskoye Selo and Sofia. In a word, everything that Catherine did in Tsarskoye Selo was performed firmly, broadly, carefully finished and sustained in detail. Of all the country residences, Catherine most of all loved Tsarskoye Selo. Beginning in 1763, with the exception of 2-3 years, she lived in Tsarskoye Selo in the spring, spent almost all summer and left in the fall, when the cold came.
Catherine, moving to Tsarskoye with a small retinue, divided the time between doing state affairs and all kinds of entertainment. Every day she took walks in the park, accompanied by court gentlemen and maids of honor. In November 1796, the Empress suffered an apoplexy blow, from which she died. She was still breathing when the Heir to the Throne was already busy breaking everything that the empress had done. For two centuries Tsarskoye Selo was considered the summer ceremonial imperial residence, the construction of which was of state importance and was carried out for several years with the participation of government departments. From 1811 to 1843 here was the Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum, in which A. S. was brought up Pushkin. After the October Revolution, the palace and park ensemble was turned into a museum. The central place in the palace and park ensemble is occupied by the palaces - Catherine and Alexander 3
but the fifth year of hard time of Emperor Paul came. All unfinished buildings in Tsarskoye Selo stopped.
1.4. Catherine II
"Jolly Age of Elizabeth, Dressed in Gold and Silk" ended. The era of classicism began. The next mistress of Tsarskoye Selo, Catherine II, orders to create "Greco-Roman Rhapsody" in her residence. An unknown English master Charles Cameron is invited to Russia. A thirty-six-year-old architect erects truly divine creations. Agate rooms, cold baths, a hanging garden and gallery. During the construction, Cameron used rough stone to create the illusion of antiquity. The most interesting in his performance were the terms, almost completely repeating antique prototypes. With a four-poster pool, a warm bath and a bath. The latter, however, was an ordinary Russian pair, but this did not spoil the pleasure at all.
The reign of Catherine II is considered the "golden age" of Tsarskoye Selo. Huge amounts of money are spent on the expansion and reconstruction of parks, creation of a Chinese village - a charming whim of her majesty. But after the death of the empress in Tsarskoye there was a lull that lasted for a short period of the reign of Paul I, who hated everything connected with the name of his mother.
CHAPTER II
2. Tsarskoye Selo during the reign of Alexander I
In the first years of the reign of Alexander I, Tsarskoye Selo was, as it were, forgotten. The yard lived in the summer on Elagin Island or in Peterhof; only in 1808 did the emperor pay attention to the desolation of Tsarskoye Selo. Emperor Alexander I, who spent all his childhood and youth in Tsarskoye Selo, as you know, in the manifesto on accession to the throne, announced that he would reign "according to the law and heart in Bose, the reigning Augustine Grandmother of the Empress Catherine the Great." In relation to Tsarskoye Selo, these words seemed to lead the emperor in all activities. In memory of the war with the French, a monumental gate was erected to "My Amiable Companions"; The large greenhouses that had fallen into disrepair were thoroughly rebuilt by one of the best architects of that time - Stasov; not far from the Alexander Palace, the Imperial Farm arose; on the site of the old Lusthaus, an artificial ruin was built - Chapelle; the old stone wall of the menagerie was dismantled, and the material from it went to the construction of the farm, Chapel and the building of the lamas. According to the thought of Emperor Alexander, in the Big Palace, in the outbuilding, built at the end of the reign of Catherine for the children of Pavel Petrovich, a new higher educational institution was established - the Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.
The last time the emperor spent the night in Tsarskoye Selo in 1825 on the way to Taganrog, having already said farewell to St. Petersburg in such an unusual way. Here, in the early spring of 1826, Emperor Nicholas I and the imperial family met his mortal looms.
CHAPTER III
3. Tsarskoye Selo during Nicholas I, Alexander II, Alexander III, Nicholas II.
1.1 Nicholas I
Born in Tsarskoye Selo, “Knight Nikolai”, becoming Emperor, shared his summer vacation between Peterhof and Tsarskoye Selo. The Tsar always lived in the Alexander Palace. Under Emperor Nicholas, the decoration and development of Tsarskoye Selo continued. In Tsarskoye Selo, at the command of the Emperor, the city Catherine Cathedral was built; in the park, on the site of the old Montbijou, the construction of the Arsenal was completed, in which a rich collection of weapons, personally owned by the Emperor, was concentrated. At the site of the abolished noble Lyceum boarding school was placed the Alexander Cadet Corps for minors; the park was decorated with beautiful gates, a Turkish bath and expanded significantly. During the reign of Emperor Nicholas I, Tsarskoye Selo carried out the first railway in Russia, which the public looked at as new entertainment, and experts as an entirely impractical venture in our climate.
1.2. Alexander II
During the reign of Emperor Alexander II, the city continued to develop and a classical gymnasium was opened in it, no new large palace buildings were erected, but everything that existed was maintained in exemplary order and a new Babolovsky park was set up.
1.3. Alexander III
During the reign of Emperor Alexander III, the Court lived little in Tsarskoye Selo. The sovereign chose the left wing of the Alexander Palace for his stay. In this reign, Tsarskoye Selo was honored to be the first city not only in Russia, but also in Europe, which was all lit by electricity. Since 1894 Tsarskoye Selo has been developing extremely rapidly. Until 1905, the Yard spent the beginning of winter and early spring in Tsarskoye Selo, and since that year has been spending the whole winter. At the command of His Majesty, in 1895 significant alterations were made in the Alexander Palace. Tsarskoye Selo received exemplary plumbing and sewage. By the beginning of the 20th century, Tsarskoye Selo was becoming one of the most healthy and well-equipped cities in Russia.
1.4. Nicholas II
Nicholas II, who was destined to be the last Russian Emperor, was born in the Alexander Palace. It was his favorite palace in Tsarskoye Selo and here Nicholas II brought his bride, Princess Alice of Hesse, in 1895. Since 1905, the Alexander Palace has become a permanent home for the royal family. He was called the "small capital of the empire." Four daughters of the imperial family were born here. In the Alexander Palace, meetings of the State Council and the audience of foreign envoys were held, ministers came here with reports. The fate of Tsarskoye Selo fell upon them - to witness the loud glory of the Russian throne and its bitter shame. Tsarskoye Selo became the place where Nicholas abdicated. Here
the whole imperial family was arrested. It was Tsarskoye who led the Romanovs to Siberia, where they were already waiting for death.
March 2, 1917 Nicholas II abdicated. A few days later, returning from the headquarters of the commander in chief, he became a prisoner in his own palace. The royal family spent a few months in captivity here. In August 1917, the family was sent to Siberia. On the night of July 17-18, 1918, the imperial family was shot in the basement of the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg 4
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CHAPTER IV
4. Sad years for Tsarskoye Selo
1917 a destructive whirlwind swept over Tsarskoye Selo. And he changed his whole life in Tsarskoe Selo. The city has become one of many provincial cities in Russia. But all the treasures of the palaces were open for viewing. Since 1919, after the dismissal of leading art historians from the Children's and Rural Palaces, the squandering of museum property begins. According to documents that have opened in recent years, a detailed plan has been developed for transporting a number of paintings to the Hermitage. Then many, considered "low value" items
previously belonging to the imperial family, were distributed by decision of the People's Commissariat for Employees of the museum - the Catherine Palace.
But the activity of the Expert Commission created in February 1919 and headed by A.M. Gorky brought especially great damage to museum collections. Its functions included the acquisition of the Antiquarian Export Fund from nationalized cultural property for sale abroad. For two years of work, the commission selected hundreds of thousands of exhibits worth several billion gold rubles.
Then, to organize and establish relations with the largest antique companies of the West, MF Andreyeva was sent to Berlin, and other members of the commission to Paris, London, Florence, Rome.
In the early post-revolutionary years, numerous departments were engaged in the removal of valuable items from palace collections. This is evidenced by the decisions of the Council of Defense of October 10, 1919 “on the use of values \u200b\u200bfor trade”, the theses of the Council of People's Commissars on the creation of a “tax fund” of precious stones for obtaining a loan from
foreign banks, the decision of the Council of People's Commissars of October 26, 1920, which established the award for "The fastest sale abroad of things selected by the Petrograd expert commission."
Subsequently, the seizure of individual works of art was carried out not only by written orders, but also on the basis of simple telephone messages. But, despite all the difficulties and problems associated with the new historical period in the life of the country, museum life is being established in the museums and parks of the city. In the 30s, research and excursion work began, very modest guides were published, new exhibitions opened. For the first time, millions of sightseers saw the treasures of Russian culture.
In 1937, in the year of the 100th anniversary of the death of A.S. Pushkin, the city became named after the great poet - the city of Pushkin. Since then, the name has not changed, but old-timers call their city in the old way, as befits this magnificent place - Tsarskoye Selo.
The terrible word "war" burst into civilian life on June 22, 1941 on a sunny day at the height of a great public festival in Pushkin parks. September 17, the Nazis captured the city of Pushkin. Under the barracks and housing for officers, the occupiers occupied the halls of the Catherine and Alexander palaces, many mansions, motels, and children's institutions. Tankers were housed in the Lyceum building, and anti-aircraft gunners were located in the Hermitage pavilion.
The Nazis placed their headquarters in the Alexander Palace, the Gestapo is located here, in the cellars of the palace is a prison. The lower floor of the Catherine Palace was turned into a gigantic garage, the Palace Church into a parking lot and a workshop for bicycles and motorbikes.
Two and a half years there were occupiers in the city of Pushkin. Many Pushkin residents were sent to concentration camps. People were shot for any violation of the occupation regime. Executions were carried out in the city center. On the
in 1998, one of the places of execution was the Chapel of the Holy Blessed Prince Igor of Chernigov. In the summer of 1942, the wall cladding of the famous Amber Room was removed, which will be described below.
On January 14, 1944, the Soviet offensive began to lift the siege of Leningrad, and on January 24 the city of Pushkin was liberated fascist invaders. In the postwar years, the city of Pushkin - a treasury of Russian architecture, literature and art, like a phoenix bird, was revived from ruins.
And nowadays, cozy Pushkin streets are especially good on warm, quiet spring evenings, when lilacs bloom violently in park alleys, along city highways, in yards, greens, filling the air with a unique aroma. In palaces and pavilions
Tsarskoye Selo now houses a museum: permanent exhibitions are open, temporary exhibitions operate.
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CHAPTER V
5. Amber room - one of the greatest creations of mankind
Amber room was located in the so-called "Golden Enfilade
front halls of the Catherine Palace. On the north-south line it communicated with the Picture and Portrait Halls, and on the east side it was adjoined by the Small White Dining Room.
Amber lining dating back to the time of Frederick I consisted of twelve wall panels and ten basement panels. In the center of the four wide wall panels were richly decorated amber frames. They initially contained mirrors, then in the Winter Palace - paintings of the artist Johann Friedrich Groot, replaced in the Tsarskoye Selo palace with Florentine mosaics. The amber frames surrounding the mosaics were a masterpiece of stone-cutting art. Here, there are three-dimensional carvings of different reliefs, and fine engraving on amber, and chiseled traction, and a whimsical pattern of clusters and leaves, and complex plot compositions. On medium-sized amber panels in the center were mirrors in a lighter carved frame, over which royal crown crowns carved from amber strongly protruded. Other heraldic symbols - the Prussian eagle and the monogram of Frederick I "FR" (Friedrich Rex) - alternated on the basement panels. Narrow amber panels were decorated with amber engravings with images of sea landscapes. The rich decoration of the walls of the Amber Room is complemented by a picturesque ceiling and typeset parquet. The Amber Room parquet was executed in 1764 according to drawings by V. I. Neyelov from precious woods - rosewood, walnut, red sandalwood, and maple. During World War II, parquet was lost and
recreated by a team of restorers-parkers under the leadership of
E.F. Kudryashova.
Architect F. B. Rastrelli, faced with the problem of the mismatch between the area of \u200b\u200bthe amber cabinet (about 36 sq. M) and the dimensions intended for the placement of the hall panels (more than 96 sq. M), was forced to re-arrange all the details of the cabinet. He placed the panels symmetrically on the three walls (the fourth and western occupied windows) and divided the amber panels with mirror pilasters. Enclosed in carved gilded frames, these pilasters were crowned with unusual capitals in the form of female heads, as if growing out of rocaille curls. In the center of the field are pilasters mirrors - gilded bronze lamps with figures of parrots. The Swedish architect E. von Goethe becomes the court architect of the Prussian king. Relations with the amber master did not work out for him, and G. Wolfram was also suspended from work. In accordance with the new plan of the king, it was decided to arrange an amber cabinet in the castle of Charlottenburg, where ready-made amber panels are transported. In 1707, a contract for the continuation of work was concluded with two masters invited from Danzig - G. Turau and E. Schacht. This stage of creating the Amber Room
lasts about five years. In 1713, after the death of Frederick I, work ceased. Amber cabinet was unnecessary to the new Prussian king Frederick William I: all amber architectural details were taken to Berlin Zeichhaus and forgotten.
Rumors of an unusual office reach Russia. Emperor Peter I
i wanted to get an amber cabinet for my Kunstkamera. In 1716, on his way to France, he meets with Frederick William I in
Gabelberg, near Berlin. Peter I receives from the Prussian monarch, as an diplomatic gift, an amber cabinet and the Liburnika yacht. Two years later, the Russian Tsar sends a return gift - 55 grenadiers and
cup of own work. Sending an amber office to Russia
the Russian envoy to the Prussian court was led by Count A. Golovkin. 18 boxes with amber were loaded onto eight carts and shipped first to Koenigsberg and then to Memel. They traveled for six weeks. On January 6, 1717, on behalf of Emperor Peter the Great and the chief hofmeister of the Duchess of Courland Anna Ioannovna P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, he met the cargo in Memele and sent it to Riga, and from there to Petersburg. St. Petersburg Governor General A. Menshikov accepted and unpacked the boxes using the instructions attached to the received precious cargo. However, the amber cabinet brought with great care to Russia was never mounted during the life of Peter I. Installing the cabinet in the form in which it arrived in St. Petersburg was almost impossible, since many details were missing. Subsequently, amber panels for a number of years were in the so-called human chambers of the Summer Palace, which housed a kind of home "Kunstkamera" of the emperor. Obviously, they were simply placed along the walls of one of the rooms of this building.
Upon accession to the throne, Empress Elizabeth Petrovna decided to use the forgotten amber office to decorate one of the chambers of her official residence - the Third Winter Palace. She commissioned her chief architect F. B. Rastrelli to do this. In February 1743, the Italian master A. Martelli was invited to repair and install amber parts. However, there are not enough amber details to decorate the walls of the interior in the Winter Palace, so F. B. Rastrelli uses mirror pilasters and paints additional panels "amber". In 1745, Frederick II presented the Empress Elizabeth Petrovna with a fourth frame, which was designed by A. Reich, in the original cabinet decor. During the reconstruction of the palace, the Amber Room was repeatedly moved from place to place. Collected in 1746, she began to serve for formal receptions.
In July 1755, Empress Elizabeth Petrovna ordered F. B. Rastrelli to move the Amber Room to the Grand Palace of Tsarskoye Selo. V. Fermor, the head of the Chancellery of the Imperial Court, was instructed to carefully disassemble the cabinet in the Winter Palace and put it in boxes. A special team was sent from Tsarskoye Selo, which carried boxes on hand from the Winter Palace to Tsarskoye Selo. For interior decoration in the Tsarskoye Selo Palace of Amber Details again
not enough, and therefore parts of the walls were covered with canvas and painted "under amber "by the artist I. Belsky, and also introduced mirror pilasters and wooden carved decor. A. Martelli is again invited to install amber panels.
Given the fragility of the material and frequent screes of amber, a special caretaker was assigned to the room, who constantly performed
small restoration work. In 1758, F. Roggenbuk was invited to this post from Prussia. He also led the work on creating new amber products in the workshop of Tsarskoye Selo.
In 1763, Empress Catherine II ordered the replacement of painted canvases in the socles of pilasters and the manufacture of a desuport of the eastern wall
Amber Room. Together with F. Roggenbuk, K. Fried, I. Velpendorf, apprentices G. Fried, the son of F. Roggenbuk Johann, and their Russian students, who had previously been invited to Russia, began work. Eight panels were made for pilasters, a desuport and carved details of the cornice, which included previously unused fragments of Berlin work. For 4 years, 450 kilograms of amber was used. By 1770, the creation of the Amber Room was completed. The room got its final look, captured later in numerous photographs. The amber dress, which occupied three walls, was located in two tiers. Central (middle)
the tier was composed of eight symmetrical large vertical panels. IN
four of them installed paintings of colored stones, executed in 50-
18th century Florence using Florentine mosaic technique
designed by artist D. Dzokki and depicting five natural senses: Sight, Taste, Hearing, Touch and Smell. The distance between the large panels was filled with tall mirror pilasters. The lower tier of the room was covered with rectangular amber panels. In the southwestern corner, a small amber table was mounted on an elegantly curved leg. The decoration of the room consisted of typeset dressers of Russian work and Chinese porcelain. The glazed windows of the Amber Office housed one of the most significant collections of amber products of the 17th-18th centuries of German, Polish and St. Petersburg masters in Europe. Sudden changes in temperature, stove heating and drafts destroyed amber dressing. In the XIX century, restoration was carried out three times - in 1833, 1865, 1893 - 1897. In the years 1933-1935, small restoration work in the Amber Room was carried out by the sculptor I. Krestovsky. A serious restoration was planned for 1941.
In the early days of World War II, when museum valuables began to be evacuated in the Catherine Palace, due to the fragility of the Amber Room panels, it was decided not to take them, like other museum exhibits, deep into the country, but to preserve them on the spot without removing them from the walls. The panels were first covered with paper, then with gauze and cotton.
Together with the German units that broke into Pushkin (Tsarskoye Selo), specialists from the Kunstkommission team arrived. The occupiers dismantled and sent panels to Koenigsberg. In the donation book of the Koenigsberg Museum under number 200 it was recorded that the room was donated to the museum by the German State Administration of Palaces and Gardens. The stolen amber panels and doors were mounted in one of the halls
third floor of the Konigsberg castle. Museum Director A. Rode in 1944
he wrote that the Amber Room, returning to his homeland, is the best decoration of the Koenigsberg Museum.
This was the last place where the Amber Room was on display. When the Germans retreated, the panels were again dismantled and no later than April 6 1945 exported to an unknown destination. From now on, traces of the room are lost. Her searches have so far been unsuccessful, however, some fragments of the decoration of the Amber Room have been returned 5
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24 CHAPTER VI 6. Memories of the Amber RoomTheophile Gauthier(1811-1872) - the famous French poet of a romantic school, critic and novelist, traveled all over Europe, including Russia. Two books are devoted to Russia, Voyage en Russie (1866) and Tresois d`art de la Russie (1860-1863). In his books, he described not so much social life as "exotic nature and monuments of art." “We have now reached one of the most wonderful rarities of the palace, we want to talk about the Amber Room. Only in“ One Thousand and One Nights ”and in fairy tales, where the architecture of the palaces is entrusted to sorcerers, spirits and gins, they see halls made of diamonds, rubies, hyacinths and other precious stones commonly used for jewelry. Here the expression "Amber Room" is by no means a poetic hyperbole, but an exact reality, and this is not, as you might think, a cramped boudoir, a small cabinet, but rather a rather large room Dimensions entirely decorated from top to bottom on three sides, including a frieze, amber mosaic.
An eye that is not used to seeing this material, used on such a scale, is amazed and blinded by the richness and warmth of these shades, which represent the entire gamut of yellow, from smoky topaz to light lemon: the gold of the thread seems dull and false next door to this, especially when the sun falls on the walls and penetrates its transparent veins with its rays, as if gliding over them ... " Academician A.E. Fersman(1883-1945) - the largest Russian mineralogist and geochemist, academician since 1919. Pupil V.I. Vernadsky. "The Amber Room is a Real Miracle. Amazed Not Only Values "material, skillful carvings and graceful forms, but also beautiful, sometimes dark, light, but always warm tone of amber, giving the whole room an indescribable beauty." Vilechkovsky(1710-1910) historian, author of the book "Tsarskoye Selo" in 1911 and the article "Amber Room in Tsarskoye Selo" 1923 "Rastrelli managed to put this wonderful material with a clear imprint of the art of another generation in such conditions that everything surrounding this extraordinary amber poem of beauty does not hurt the eyes, but seems only light frame ... you enter the Amber Hall, you see first of all white with gold the wall between the windows with mirrors, three white and gold doors, the luxury of their desuportes, and imperceptibly white and gold in narrow stripes shift your attention to the warm amber, simple-looking walls, and you are involuntarily drawn to him to study the details, and here you see all their splendor ... Rastrelli modestly steps aside and puts forward, emphasizes Schluter. " If the Amber Room had not disappeared during World War II ... then in 2001 we would have celebrated the 300th anniversary of its history. To the fate of the "eighth wonder of the world" associated with dramatic events and secrets,
the Prussian kings and Russian emperors, architects and artists, the leaders of the Third Reich and Soviet leaders, patrons and businessmen, treasure hunters and prominent scientists, and, of course, stone-cutters who were at the origins of the creation of the Amber Room and revived it to this day were involved. day.
Today, the theme of restoring the Amber Room is becoming more relevant, the reality of seeing its restored decor, which before our eyes becomes not only a copy, as close as possible to
the lost original, but also a new artistic work of decorative art, worthy of being exhibited in one of
the best palaces and museums of the world - Catherine, in Tsarskoye Selo 6
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Conclusion
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While working on this topic, I felt the majesty of Russia in the 18th-19th centuries. The development of cities, their decoration, is simply amazing in its brightness and grandeur. The modern Tsarskoye Selo or the current city of Pushkin, just like during the time of the rulers, is famous for its beauty and originality. Every interested and developing person is obliged to visit Tsarskoye Selo. After all, there you can not only admire the masterpieces of architecture and sculpture, but also learn a lot of new and interesting things from the life of our rulers and the history of Russia.
This topic seems relevant to me, since knowledge of the history of one’s country and its individual cities is the duty of every self-respecting person.
page 1
25 km. south of the center of St. Petersburg is the small town of Pushkin, world famous for its pre-revolutionary name - Tsarskoye Selo. Since 1990, Tsarskoye Selo - one of the most beautiful palace and park ensembles in Europe, is included in the UNESCO List of World Cultural and Natural Heritage Sites.
A historic pearl in the necklace of the Northern capital! Monument to world architecture and Russian baroque. Its three parks, occupying 600 hectares, contain more than 100 architectural structures.
 The first mentions of Saritsa, later Saritskaya, “Saari-mois” of the Saar manor (“manor in an elevated place”) - the future Tsarskoye Selo date back to 1501 - to the time of the Novgorod lands marked in the “Census Book of Payments for Novgorod”. In the XVII century, the lands were captured by the Swedes, and then as a result of victories won at the beginning of the Northern War, they retreated to Russia.
The story of Tsarskoye Selo officially begins June 24, 1710, or June 13th, old style. On this day, Peter I signed a decree on the granting of land to his wife Ekaterina Alekseevna, the future Russian Tsarina Catherine I. It was thanks to her that the entire complex of buildings in the first period of her existence was not a "pleasure castle" and not a country cottage, but an ordinary estate of the Russian estate. preserving the features of the old Russian way of life.
According to the will of Catherine I, Tsarskoye Selo became the property of Tsarevna Elizabeth, who launched a grandiose construction here. During the years of her reign, Tsarskoye Selo turns into a large palace and park complex in the Russian Baroque style. After the death of Elizabeth, Tsarskoye Selo passes to CatherineII. During the years of her reign, Tsarskoye Selo experienced its highest prosperity.At this time, the new Alexander Palace was being built, the Grand (Catherine) Palace was enlarged, enlarged by the extensions of the Agate Rooms, the Cameron Gallery, the Grand Ducal Corps, the superstructure of the Church Corps.
Under Paul I, all unfinished buildings in Tsarskoye Selo were abandoned, many paintings, statues, bronze, antiques and furniture were removed to decorate the Mikhailovsky Palace, Pavlovsk and Gatchina.
Construction in Tsarskoye Selo continued under Alexander I and Nicholas I. By the decision of Alexander I in 1811, the Lyceum was opened, which became the symbol of Tsarskoye Selo and Alexander Pushkin, who connected it.
Each subsequent Russian emperor left a memory in Tsarskoye Selo. Under Nicholas I, the city's Catherine Cathedral was built, the first railway in Russia was built. During the reign of Alexander II, no new large buildings were erected, but everything that was available was maintained in exemplary order. Under Emperor Alexander III, Tsarskoye Selo is a well-equipped European city with high-quality plumbing and sewage, a telegraph, a telephone, and a radio station.
 The story of Tsarskoye Selo as the residence of Russian tsars ends on August 14, 1917, after the arrest of Nicholas II and his family. After the revolution, Tsarskoye Selo palaces and parks were turned into historical and art museums.
During the 28-month occupation during the Great Patriotic War, the palaces and parks of the city of Pushkin (Tsarskoye Selo) were barbarously destroyed, huge damage was caused to the unique monument of Russian art. Immediately after the liberation of the city in 1944, clearing of parks and ponds, reconstruction of architectural structures began.
For more than two centuries, Tsarskoye Selo was one of the most attractive suburbs of St. Petersburg. The ensemble of palaces and parks of Tsarskoye Selo took shape and developed with the participation of prominent architects, including I. Braunstein, F. Ferster, M. Zemtsov, A. Kvasov, P.A. Trezzini, S.I. Chevakinsky, B.F. Rastrelli, C. Cameron.
Since 1991, palace complexes and parks now bear their original name Tsarskoye Selo (which changed its politically incorrect name to Detskoye Selo after the revolution), and the city itself is called Pushkin, renamed in 1937, on the centenary of the anniversary of the death of the great Russian poet Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin. At almost every step of your stay in Tsarskoye Selo, you will be greeted by the shadow of A.S. Pushkin. The lyceum where he studied was the summer cottage he rented for his honeymoon, the church he attended.
INTERESTING FACTS:
The legend claims that Peter I often came to these places to enjoy fresh milk at the manor near the old Dutch Sarah, after her death he presented these lands so memorable to him to his wife - Catherine Alexeyevna, future Empress Catherine I.
Legend claims that Catherine I, dominating the new palace, spent a lot of time in the garden and even herself made cheese from the milk of cows discharged from Holland.
The first railway in Russia was laid from St. Petersburg to Tsarskoye Selo in 1837, during the reign of Nicholas I.
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Description
25 kilometers separate St. Petersburg from Tsarskoye Selo - the ceremonial summer residence of the Russian reigning dynasty.
The name of the area in the vicinity of the future residence in the language of the Finno-Ugric tribes that occupied this territory from 4-5 millennia BC sounded like “Saar” which in modern Izhora language means “island.” Possible variant “Sar” - sedge. Russian documents of the early 16th century used the name "Sarits", and during the Swedish conquest of 1609 - 1702, a small estate was called Sarishoff (Swedish) or Saari mois (Finnish). Since the conquest of these lands in the Northern War, the name Sarskoye Manor or Sarskoye Selo was used. which By 1880, it was transformed into Tsarskoye Selo.
The first mention of the possession of the estate by the royal family is a letter from A.D. Menshikov to the Koporskiy commandant L. Dumashev dated 06.24.1710 on the order of Peter I “to give Katerina Alekseyevna in the Koporye district Sarskoye and Slavic manor with villages belonging to them, from peasants and with all the lands. "
A.G. Oats Portrait of Catherine I. Mid-1720s
The Sarsky manor occupied an area of \u200b\u200b167 acres, of which 2 tithes fell on the estate, 62 on the arable land and 103 on hayfields. By 1716, the royal estate consisted of 6 manors, the territory of which was forcibly settled by Russian peasants, and construction began in 1717. the first small two-story "stone chambers" and the landing of the park. With the creation of the suburban royal residence, a settlement of palace servants appeared, the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin and the manor acquired the status of the village of Sarsky.
The royal owners of the residence had a different attitude to its development and improvement. The most ambitious works were carried out under Elizabeth I and Catherine II. In the 19-20 centuries, only the improvement of the interiors of palaces and the construction of individual park structures were carried out.
Artemyev P.A .; Vnukov E.T .; Chelnakov N.
View of the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoye Selo from the side of the main courtyard and circumferential conferences. 1761.
In 1727, the daughter of Catherine I, Elizaveta Petrovna, the future empress, inherited the Sarskoye village. Having ascended the throne, she rebuilt the palace several times, until in 1752 she was commissioned by the chief architect of the imperial court, Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli, to reconstruct and expand it. 
I. ARGUNOV. Portrait of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna.
Within four years, a 325-meter building was created, the look of which became the personification of Russian Baroque. On the north side of the palace was the five-domed Palace Church, the main entrance to the south side was decorated with a voluminous dome with a spire. More than 100 kilograms of sheet gold went to gilded ornaments, domes and interior decorations. The main azure color of the palace walls was interspersed with white columns, figures of Atlanteans, caryatids and other stucco shapes. The peculiarity of the internal architecture was the enfilade arrangement of front halls and rooms for the entire length of the palace, which had not been previously used in Russia.
EE Lansere Empress Elizabeth Petrovna in Tsarskoye Selo. 1905
The old garden, founded even under Peter I, the ball was significantly expanded, the pavilions "Hermitage", "Grotto" and stone Katalnaya Gora appeared in it.
During the reign of Catherine II, the former Sarskoye village was called Tsarskoye. The empress’s influence on his appearance consisted of two stages - the “Chinese period” (1762-1773) and the “antique” until 1796.
In parallel with the construction and decoration of the “Chinese” palace in Oranienbaum, the “world of eastern dreams” was embodied in Tsarskoye Selo.
The main entrance to the territory of the empress’s residence was an arch 7 meters high, which opened a tunnel in the artificial embankment "The Great Chinese Whim", on top of which there was an arbor in the "Chinese" style.
V.P. Langer. A big whim. OK. 1820
Behind the tunnel overlooking the Chinese town, Chinese village, Chinese opera, six Chinese bridges and pavilions. It was assumed that this exotic would surprise and stun the visitor, preparing him to approach the peak of power, where ordinary rules ceased to operate. Only much later it turned out that the Chinese village turned out nonsense. The palace architect Antonio Rinaldi designed the town based on a French engraving depicting a park building in the vicinity of Beijing. This building was erected as a type of European city in the understanding of the Chinese courtiers.
After the "Chinese daydreams," the empress wanted to "build ... Greco-Roman rhapsody in my Tsarskoye Selo garden." The empress did not approve of the projects of antique houses developed by the masters of the French Academy of Arts, but she liked the remark of academician Clericot that the Roman baths (public baths) existed in the highest forms of the spirit of antiquity. Charles Cameron, famous for his extensive research on ancient Roman baths, was immediately invited from London.
The two-story building he constructed at the southern end of the Catherine Palace was a collective image of Greco-Roman terms. On the ground floor, lined with antique stone, there were halls and rooms for water procedures according to the antique model, and on the light and light second floor there were six rooms for recreation and entertainment. During the construction, the architect had to re-develop the decoration of the second floor, since the empress, in accordance with the new wave of European architectural fashion, wished to decorate two rooms with colored polished stone - the Ural and Altai jasper. Stonecutters had to bring about 200 square meters of wall panels, platbands and cornices to a mirror shine. These rooms, called Agate rooms, became the study rooms of Catherine II, in them she was engaged in public affairs and literary work.
L. Premazzi. View of the Cameron Gallery and Agate Rooms. 1859
Charles Cameron was able to realize another large-scale wish of the Empress - to create an antique gallery for walks and lofty conversations. The lower floor of rough stone served as the basis for 44 columns of a snow-white second tier. Its central hall, thanks to the enlarged window openings, seems completely transparent. In the years 1880-1790, bronze copies of the busts of the great thinkers of antiquity, historical and mythological heroes were installed on the gallery, which were replaced in accordance with the political mood of the queen.
J.B. de la traverse. Tsarskoye Selo. Stairs of the Cameron Gallery. 1786
Hobbies of ancient architecture were combined with the perpetuation of the victories of the Russian army in the Turkish wars. Catherine II wrote: "When this war continues, the Tsarskoye Selo garden will be like a toy, after each glorious military deed a decent monument is erected in it. The battle of Cahul ... revived an obelisk with the inscription in it ... the naval battle of Chesme made in the great pond, the Rostral column, the capture of the Crimea and the landing of troops in Morea are marked equally in other places ... I also ordered the construction of a temple of memory in the forest where all the events of this war were presented at the medallions. " 
V.L. Borovikovsky. Catherine II for a walk in Tsarskoye Selo.
Behind the Rostral column, the Hagia Sophia was built, reminiscent of Constantinople, which meant the fall of the Turkish state in the future and the creation of the Greek Empire as the successor of the Byzantine.
In 1796, the construction of the New Tsarskoye Selo Palace, later Alexandrovsky, was completed. At the request of the empress, the palace was designed by the Italian architect Giacomo Kvarneghi for her beloved grandson, Grand Duke Alexander Pavlovich, but the last Russian emperor Nicholas II became his greatest admirer. Architecture Publications
Village of the highest status
Tsarskoye Selo, Children's Village, Pushkin. A small town with two grand palaces, shady parks and a rich history. The Romanov Imperial House turned the summer residence in the vicinity of St. Petersburg into a city where the grandeur of architecture is combined with advanced technologies, and the lyceum student sang it in his poems. Let us recall the history of the village of the highest status with Natalia Letnikova.
Museum-reserve "Tsarskoye Selo"
Museum-reserve "Tsarskoye Selo"
1. Izhora land of Veliky Novgorod and the estate of the Swedish magnate. Trophy of the Northern War - the Saar manor freed from the Swedes became Tsarskoye Selo. On June 24, 1710, it was presented to Martha Skavronskaya, the future Ekaterina Alekseevna, and soon the first one, “stone chambers with 16 lights” was built. For two centuries Tsarskoye Selo was the summer ceremonial imperial residence.
2. The first city in Europe, fully lit by electricity. In 1887, a city power station started operating in Tsarskoye Selo. Almost a decade earlier than in St. Petersburg. 120 electric lamps illuminated the streets of the city, seven lamps were installed at Catherine’s and ten at the Alexander Palace. At the intersection of Malaya and Tserkovnaya Streets, a unique five-tier floor lamp is still preserved - a project by architect Silvio Danini, in the form of a candelabrum with hexagonal lights.
3. The first motor race in Russia. In October 1898, they “hit the rally” on the Volkhonskoye highway between the stations of Aleksandrovskaya and Strelna. In Tsarskoye Selo, at the Imperial Garage, the Imperial School of drivers was opened in Russia, and Tsarevich Alexei was the youngest motorist in Russia. At 10, he received a small Peugeot car as a present, which he rode in the park and along the corridors of the Alexander Palace.
Five-tier floor lamp - project of architect Silvio Danini
Museum-reserve "Tsarskoye Selo"
Imperial school of drivers
4. The first Russian passenger railway. It connected in 1836 Tsarskoye Selo and St. Petersburg. The engineer was the builder of the first railways in the Czech Republic and Austria, engineer Gerstner, and among the first passengers -. A year later, the Tsarskoye Selo branch was extended to Pavlovsk, where, on the occasion, the Pavlovsky Music Station was opened ... in which Johann Strauss performed.
5. Picture Gallery of Crowned Persons. The portrait hall of the Catherine Palace, designed by Rastrelli, became one of the first art galleries in the country. Ceremonial portraits of empresses and grand duchesses by Russian, French and Italian painters. Yes, and the gilded suite of halls itself, from which the empress went into the Great Throne Hall, according to the memoirs, is like a large frame for reigning persons.
6. "Fatherland to us Tsarskoye Selo." Imperial. Alma mater of Delvig, Gorchakov, Pushchin, Kuchelbecker, Volkhovsky. But the most famous graduate is. The lyceum period of the poet has over 120 poems. How did the lyceum students of the Pushkin graduation study and live? The museum and dormitory number 14 are talking about this today, in which the then beginning poet wrote his lines.
Vitebsky Station in St. Petersburg
Portrait Hall of the Catherine Palace
All-Russian Museum A.S. Pushkin Memorial Museum-Lyceum
7. The riddle of the Amber Room.A gift from the Prussian emperor Frederick William I to Peter the Great on the occasion of the conclusion of the alliance. From Petersburg to Tsarskoye Selo, the details of the cabinet made of gold from the Baltic Sea were carried manually. During the Great Patriotic War, the Germans sent a unique creation to Koenigsberg, where its traces were lost. By the 300th anniversary of St. Petersburg, the Amber Room was recreated, but only partially.
8. Monuments of Tsarskoye Selo and the war. Dilapidated palaces and miraculously surviving statues. During the Great Patriotic War, museum staff tried to protect the monuments from vandals. The monument to Pushkin and the bronze figure "Girl with a Jug" were saved by being buried in the ground. But the Chesme column, installed in memory of military victories, the German invaders tried to drop into the pond with tanks. It didn’t work out. Only the bas-reliefs from the pedestal were affected.
9. UNESCO World Heritage. The palace ensembles of Tsarskoye Selo and the city of Pushkin are protected as part of the historical center and its environs. According to international experts, 9 out of 10 tourists coming to the Northern capital also visit Tsarskoye Selo. The creations of famous architects, about a hundred architectural monuments from Baroque to Classicism attract more than two million guests a year.
Fountain "Girl with a Jug", or "Thrush"
the Amber Room
Monument to Pushkin in Tsarskoye Selo
10. The city is a holiday. Tsarskoye Selo Carnival. The carnival of Tsarskoye Selo was admitted to the Association of European Carnival Cities. In 2000, the city was awarded the flag of the carnival movement, and annually the “City of Muses” gathers representatives of two dozen countries of the world. Guests are greeted by processions, concerts, rally and competitions - even for the best design of the balcony.
